Polyclonal antibodies as a feed additive for cattle adapted or not adapted to highly fermentable carbohydrate diets

Figures & data

Table 1. Composition and analysed nutrient content of experimental diets on dry matter basis (%).

	Diets, % of concentrate
	0	30	60	80
Ingredient, % of DM
Sugarcane, fresh and chopped	93.4	70.0	40.0	20.0
Dry-ground corn grain	–	12.5	46.9	70.2
Soybean meal	–	13.5	9.1	5.8
Urea	4.1	1.5	1.5	1.5
Salt	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Vitamin and mineral premix^a	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Nutrient content
Dry matter, %^b	38.8	51.1	67.1	77.8
Crude protein, % of DM^b	14.3	15.1	14.5	15.2
Rumen degradable protein, %CP^c	95.0	76.4	75.4	76.4
Rumen undegradable protein, %CP^c	5.0	23.8	24.6	23.6
Neutral detergent fibre, % of DM^b	44.6	36.8	26.5	18.8
NDF of forage, %NDF^b	54.1	40.7	23.3	11.6
Non-fibre carbohydrates, % of DM^†	43.2	42.0	53.6	60.8
Total digestible nutrients, % of DM^c	54.8	62.7	71.6	77.2
Ca, % of DM^b	0.84	0.78	0.63	0.53
P, % of DM^b	0.40	0.47	0.43	0.45

^aComposition of vitamin and mineral premix per kilogram of product:180 g of Ca, 130 g of P, 100 mg of Co, 1.250 mg of Cu, 2.200 mg of Fe, 90 mg of I, 2.000 mg of Mn, 15 mg of Se, 5.270 mg of Zn and 1.300 mg de F (maximum).

^bData of nutrient content were obtained by laboratory analysis.

^cValue estimated by CNCPS 6.5.

Figure 1. Values of dry matter intake (a), dry matter intake in relation to body weight (b) and ruminal pH (c) and from cattle with or without adaptation to highly fermentable carbohydrate diets. The arrows indicate the change of diets in the adapted group. The asterisks indicate significant difference in the respective day of experiment.

Table 2. Values of dry matter digestibility and its fractions in cattle adapted or not to highly fermentable carbohydrates diets.

Item	Diet adaptation		Additive				p-value
	Adapted	Non-adapted	Control	Liquid	Powder	SEM	Adp	Add	Adp* Add	Day	Day* Adp	Day* Add	Day*Adp*Add
Dry matter intake, kg/d	12.4	6.57	9.59	9.43	9.42	0.28	<.0001	NS	NS	<.0001	<.0001	NS	NS
Dry matter intake, % BW	1.55	0.95	1.23	1.28	1.25	0.03	0.0107	NS	NS	<.0001	<.0001	NS	NS
Total tract digestibility, %
Dry matter	65.9^A	55.3^B	59.6^b	63.6^a	58.4^b	1.27	<.0001	0.0186	NS	0.0110	NS	NS	NS
Crude protein	78.1	81.4	78.7	81.0	79.4	0.79	0.0024	NS	NS	0.0010	<.0001	NS	NS
Ether extract	54.2^A	42.4^B	49.1	50.3	46.2	2.61	0.0059	NS	NS	0.0265	NS	NS	NS
Neutral detergent fiber	40.6^A	36.3^B	35.4^b	44.0^a	36.2^b	1.58	0.0332	0.0248	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Acid detergent fiber	40.9^A	37.0^B	35.9^b	44.9^a	36.5^ab	1.59	0.0104	0.0013	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Starch	90.1	87.8	87.9	89.8	89.5	2.78	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Total carbohydrates	66.4^A	55.5^B	59.9^b	63.9^a	59.0^b	1.27	<.0001	0.0312	NS	0.0005	NS	NS	NS

SEM = standard error of mean; Adp = adaptation; Add = additive; Adp*Add = interaction between adaptation and additive; Day*Adp = interaction between day of experiment and adaptation; Day*Add = interaction between day of experiment and additive; Day*Adp*Add = interaction between day of experiment, adaptation and additive; NS = not significant.

^{A–B; a–b}Within row means without a common superscript differ by Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Table 3. Values of ruminal fermentation variables in cattle adapted or not to highly fermentable carbohydrates diets.

Variable	Diet adaptation		Additive				p-value
	Adapted	Non-adapted	Control	Liquid	Powder	SEM	Adp.	Add.	Adp.* Add.	Day	Day* Adp.	Day* Add.	Day*Adp.*Add.
Ruminal pH	6.40	6.77	6.56^b	6.62^a	6.57^b	0.008	0.0003	0.0432	NS	<.0001	<.0001	NS	NS
Concentration of SCFA, mM
Total SCFA	100.3	77.7	90.3	87.7	89.1	1.12	<.0001	NS	NS	<.0001	<.0001	NS	NS
Acetate (C2)	59.6	47.5	54.6	52.6	53.5	0.63	<.0001	NS	NS	<.0001	<.0001	NS	NS
Propionate (C3)	25.7	20.7	23.1	23.0	23.5	0.29	0.0004	NS	NS	<.0001	<.0001	NS	NS
Butyrate (C4)	15.0	9.59	12.6	12.1	12.1	0.28	0.0002	NS	NS	<.0001	<.0001	0.0038	NS
Molar proportion of SCFA, mol/100 moles
Acetate (C2)	59.5	61.4	60.8	60.2	60.3	0.15	0.0094	NS	NS	<.0001	<.0001	0.0302	NS
Propionate (C3)	25.9	26.6	25.6	26.4	26.6	0.18	NS	NS	NS	<.0001	<.0001	NS	NS
Butyrate (C4)	14.7	12.1	13.6	13.4	13.1	0.16	0.0006	NS	NS	<.0001	0.0004	0.0059	NS
C2:C3 ratio	2.37	2.33	2.42	2.32	2.31	0.02	NS	NS	NS	<.0001	<.0001	NS	NS
Lactate, mM/L	0.19	0.28	0.25	0.22	0.22	0.01	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Ammonia, mg/dL	21.2	16.9	20.4	18.9	18.0	0.43	0.0022	NS	NS	<.0001	0.0003	NS	NS

SEM = standard error of mean; Adp = adaptation; Add = additive; Adp*Add = interaction between adaptation and additive; Day*Adp = interaction between day of experiment and adaptation; Day*Add = interaction between day of experiment and additive; Day*Adp*Add = interaction between day of experiment, adaptation and additive; NS = not significant.

^{A–B; a–b}Within row means without a common superscript differ by Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Figure 2. Values of total concentration of short-chain fatty acids (a), acetate:propionate ratio (b) and ammonia nitrogen concentration (c) from cattle with or without adaptation to highly fermentable carbohydrates diets. The arrows indicate the change of diets in the adapted group. The asterisks indicate significant difference in the respective day of experiment.

Table 4. Values of total and relative counts of rumen protozoa in cattle adapted or not to highly fermentable carbohydrates diets.

Variable	Diet adaptation		Additive				p-value
	Adapted	Non-adapted	Control	Liquid	Powder	SEM	Adp	Add	Adp* Add	Day	Day* Adp	Day* Add	Day*Adp*Add
Total counts, ×10^3/mL
Dasytricha	22.71	25.02	26.67	21.53	23.40	2.03	NS^3	NS	NS	NS	0.0446	NS	NS
Diplodinium	0.27	0.04	0.27	0.07	0.13	0.06	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Entodinium	57.33	28.98	40.73	41.33	47.40	5.87	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Epidinium	0.09	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.13	0.04	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Isotricha	1.38	1.42	1.47	1.20	1.53	0.17	NS	NS	0.0037	NS	NS	NS	NS
Total/mL	81.78	55.47	69.13	64.13	72.60	6.23	NS	NS	NS	NS	0.0275	NS	NS
Relative counts, %
Dasytricha	32.81	46.73	43.62	39.16	36.53	2.60	0.0100	NS	NS	NS	0.0259	NS	NS
Diplodinium	0.33	0.11	0.29	0.24	0.12	0.10	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Entodinium	64.77^A	50.42^B	53.84	58.21	60.74	2.74	0.0287	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Epidinium	0.04	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.06	0.02	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Isotricha	2.05	2.74	2.24	2.39	2.54	0.30	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

SEM = standard error of mean; Adp = adaptation; Add = additive; Adp*Add = interaction between adaptation and additive; Day*Adp = interaction between day of experiment and adaptation; Day*Add = interaction between day of experiment and additive; Day*Adp*Add = interaction between day of experiment, adaptation and additive; NS = not significant.

^{A–B; a–b}Within row means without a common superscript differ by Tukey test (p < 0.05).