Dietary chicory powder supplementation affects growth performance, carcass traits, and muscular profiles of amino acids and fatty acids in growing-finishing Xiangcun Black pigs

Figures & data

Table 1. Basic nutritional composition in dried chicory powder.

DM^1 (%)	DE^2 (MJ/kg)	CP^3 (%)	CF^4 (%)	Ca (%)	P (%)	EE^5 (%)
94.01	12.82	8.16	15.52	0.33	0.10	1.24

¹ DM, dry matter; ²DE, digestible energy; ³CP, crude protein; ⁴CF, crude fibre; ⁵EE, ether extract.

Table 2. Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (as-fed basis).

Items (%)	Growing feed	Finishing feed
Ingredient
Corn	65.00	61.00
Cereal	2.00	10.00
Soybean meal	22.50	17.00
Gold protein	0.50	–
Wheat bran	5.00	8.00
Glucose	1.00	–
Premix^1	4.00	4.00
Total	100.00	100.00
Nutrient level
Digestive energy (MJ/kg)	13.31	12.91
Crude protein	15.85	13.97
Crude fat ether extract	2.72	2.72
Calcium	0.62	0.59
Phosphorus	0.54	0.48
Lys	0.97	0.81
Met	0.30	0.24
Met + Cys	0.57	0.49
Thr	0.69	0.55

¹ Providing the following vitamins and minerals per kg diet: VA, 12,000 IU; VD₃, 2,122 IU; VE, 29.7 IU; VK₃, 2.8 mg; VB₁, 1.2 mg; VB₂, 7.1 mg; VB₆, 1.3 mg; VB₁₂, 0.03 mg; nicotinic acid, 42.9 mg; pantothenic acid, 21.6 mg; folic acid, 0.44 mg; biotin, 0.12 mg; choline, 320 mg; Fe (FeSO₄), 80 mg; Cu (CuSO₄), 40 mg; Zn (ZnSO₄), 140 mg; Mn (MnSO₄), 52 mg; I (CaI₂,), 0.56 mg; Se (Na₂SeO₃), 0.33 mg.

Table 3. Effects of dietary supplementation with chicory powder on growth performance of Xiangcun Black pigs (n = 8).

Items	Chicory powder addition levels			SEM	P-values
	0	5%	10%
Initial body weight (kg)	54.95	51.93	55.47	1.30	0.51
Final body weight (kg)	105.51	100.96	107.18	1.91	0.41
Average daily gain (kg)
Phase 1 (1–30 d)	0.47	0.59	0.60	0.03	0.12
Phase 2 (31–90 d)	0.61^a	0.50^b	0.56^ab	0.09	0.09
1–90 d	0.56	0.54	0.57	0.01	0.71
Average daily feed intake (kg)
Phase 1 (1–30 d)	1.98	2.13	2.27	0.10	0.50
Phase 2 (31–90 d)	2.42	2.27	2.12	0.17	0.19
1–90 d	2.27	2.24	2.17	0.06	0.77
Feed to gain ratio
Phase 1 (1–30 d)	4.51^a	3.62^b	3.83^b	0.12	<0.01
Phase 2 (31–90 d)	3.99^b	4.66^a	3.82^b	0.20	<0.01
1–90 d	4.04^ab	4.18^a	3.80^b	0.07	0.07

^{a, b, c} mean values with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).

Table 4. Effects of dietary chicory powder supplementation on carcass traits and meat quality of Xiangcun Black pigs (n = 8).

Items	Chicory powder addition levels			SEM	P-values
	0	5%	10%
Carcass weight (kg)	62.53	58.57	65.70	1.88	0.48
Average back fat thickness (cm)	34.01^a	27.43^b	23.61^b	1.52	0.01
Loin-eye area (cm^2)	22.41^b	25.37^ab	28.51^a	1.43	0.04
pH45 min	5.84	5.89	5.95	0.13	0.78
pH24 h	5.53	5.46	5.19	0.09	0.69
Meat colour
L*	41.77	46.39	39.22	1.12	0.52
a*	18.74	17.74	18.05	0.73	0.86
b*	5.13^a	5.08^a	3.55^b	0.26	0.01

^{a, b}mean values with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).

Table 5. Effects of dietary supplementation with chicory powder on biochemical parameters in Xiangcun Black pigs (n = 8).

Items	Chicory powder addition levels			SEM	P-values
	0	5%	10%
ALB (g/L)	40.40	43.09	42.28	0.74	0.33
ALP (U/L)	95.50	101.41	113.65	10.71	0.81
TP (g/L)	77.25	76.76	78.27	1.18	0.88
Urea (mmol/L)	4.89	5.12	5.76	0.17	0.11
UA (μmol/L)	1.00	0.70	1.40	0.23	0.48
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.91	0.83	0.78	0.04	0.36
LDL-C (mmol/L)	1.85^a	1.52^b	1.43^b	0.07	0.03
TC (mmol/L)	3.28^a	2.76^b	2.64^b	0.10	0.01
CREA (μmol/L)	131.58	137.10	144.95	2.96	0.20
IgG (g/L)	8.31	8.07	9.38	0.31	0.20

^{a, b}mean values with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).

Table 6. Effects of dietary supplementation with chicory powder on serum free amino acid profiles in Xiangcun Black pigs (μg/mL, n = 8).

Items	Chicory powder addition levels			SEM	P-values
	0	5%	10%
Essential amino acid (EAA)
Isoleucine	1.04^a	0.94^b	0.93^b	0.02	0.02
Leucine	1.89^a	1.70^b	1.68^b	0.03	<0.01
Lysine	2.04^a	1.85^b	1.85^b	0.04	0.04
Methionine	0.70	0.64	0.64	0.01	0.15
Phenylalanine	0.84^a	0.73^b	0.72^b	0.02	0.03
Threonine	1.21^a	1.07^b	1.09^b	0.02	0.02
Valine	1.24^a	1.10^b	1.14^ab	0.03	0.06
Non-essential amino acid (NEAA)
Alanine	1.51	1.35	1.39	0.04	0.17
Arginine	1.42	1.24	1.29	0.05	0.35
Aspartic acid + Asparagine	2.24^a	1.98^b	2.02^b	0.04	0.02
Cysteine	4.32^a	3.77^b	3.95^b	0.08	0.01
Glutamic acid + Glutamine	0.92	0.89	0.84	0.02	0.13
Glycine	1.11	0.99	1.02	0.02	0.13
Histidine	1.25	0.99	1.16	0.06	0.23
Proline	0.99^a	0.89^b	0.91^b	0.02	0.03
Serine	0.99^a	0.84^b	0.82^b	0.03	0.03
Total EAA	8.95^a	8.04^b	8.05^b	0.15	0.01
Total NEAA	14.76^a	12.94^b	13.41^ab	0.30	0.02
Total AA	23.71^a	20.98^b	21.46^b	0.44	0.02

^{a, b}mean values with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).

Table 7 Effects of chicory powder on amino acid concentrations of longissimus dorsi muscle in Xiangcun black pigs, %

Items	Chicory powder addition levels			SEM	P-values
	0	5%	10%
Essential AA
Lys	2.04^a	1.85^b	1.85^b	0.04	0.04
Met	0.70	0.64	0.64	0.01	0.15
Thr	1.21^a	1.07^b	1.09^b	0.02	0.02
Val	1.24^a	1.10^b	1.14^ab	0.03	0.06
Leu	1.89^a	1.70^b	1.68^b	0.03	<0.01
Ile	1.04^a	0.94^b	0.93^b	0.02	0.02
Phe	0.84^a	0.73^b	0.72^b	0.02	0.03
Non-essential AA
Asp	2.24^a	1.98^b	2.02^b	0.04	0.02
Arg	1.42	1.24	1.29	0.05	0.35
Glu	4.32^a	3.77^b	3.95^b	0.08	0.01
Ser	0.99^a	0.89^b	0.91^b	0.02	0.03
Tyr	0.99^a	0.84^b	0.82^b	0.03	0.03
His	1.11	0.99	1.02	0.02	0.13
Gly	0.92	0.89	0.84	0.02	0.13
Ala	1.51	1.35	1.39	0.04	0.17
Pro	1.25	0.99	1.16	0.06	0.23
Total EAA	8.95^a	8.04^b	8.05^b	0.15	0.01
Total NEAA	14.76^a	12.94^b	13.41^ab	0.30	0.02
Total AA	23.71^a	20.98^b	21.46^b	0.44	0.02

^{a, b}mean values with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).

Table 8. Effects of dietary supplementation with chicory powder on intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition of longissimus dorsi muscle in Xiangcun Black pigs (n = 8).

Items (%)	Chicory powder addition levels			SEM	P-values
	0	5%	10%
Intramuscular fat	2.04^b	2.56^a	2.61^a	0.38	0.04
C14:0	1.25	1.29	1.33	0.03	0.59
C16:0	22.59	23.64	24.49	0.38	0.14
C16:1	3.73	3.56	3.62	0.12	0.86
C17:0	0.30	0.29	0.29	0.02	0.95
C18:0	13.06	13.13	13.93	0.37	0.60
C18:1n9	45.19	43.58	42.67	1.19	0.72
C18:2n6	10.62	10.89	10.32	0.83	0.96
C18:3n3	0.68^b	0.84^ab	1.52^a	0.03	<0.01
C18:3n6	0.15	0.12	0.09	0.01	0.23
C20:3n6	0.33	0.34	0.36	0.04	0.96
C20:4n6	2.36	2.51	2.36	0.26	0.96
C22:6n3	0.16^b	0.58^a	0.64^a	0.12	<0.01
SFA^1	37.20	38.35	40.04	0.75	0.32
MUFA^2	63.30	61.00	59.41	1.26	0.73
PUFA^3	14.30	15.28	15.29	1.13	0.97
PUFA/SFA	0.38	0.40	0.38	0.03	0.93
n-3^4	0.84^b	1.42^ab	2.16^a	0.03	<0.01
n-6^5	13.46	13.86	13.13	1.10	0.97
n-6/n-3	16.02^a	9.76^ab	6.08^b	0.78	<0.01

¹ SFA = C14:0 + C16:0 + C17:0 + C18:0;

² MUFA = C16:1 + C18:1n9;

³ PUFA = C18:3n3 + C18:2n6 + C18:3n6 + C20:3n6 + C20:4n6 + C22:6n3;

⁴ n-3 PUFA = C18:3n3 + C22:6n3; ⁵n-6 PUFA = C18:2n6 + C18:3n6 + C20:3n6 + C20:4n6.

^{a, b}mean values with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).