Bartonian orthophragminids with new endemic species from the Pirkoh and Drazinda formations in the Sulaiman Range, Indus Basin, Pakistan

Figures & data

Figure 1. Tethyan mountain ranges and location of Sulaiman Range in Pakistan.

Figure 2. Location of Sulaiman Range in Pakistan to the west of Himalayas (A), simplified geological map of the Sulaiman Range and position of the studied sections (B), and generalised stratigraphic sections and sampling points in the Pirkoh and Drazinda formations (C). Geological map is simplified from Kazmi and Rana (1982). PSB: Pellatispira beds.

Figure 3. Generalised stratigraphy of Lutetian to Priabonian units in the Sulaiman Range with historical development of lithostratigraphic nomenclature and previous records of orthophragminids and associated LBFs. The studied interval is marked. Z refers to the ‘zones’ described by Eames (1952b).

Figure 4. Field aspects of Pirkoh and Drazinda formations. Pirkoh Formation in Rakhi Nala A (A, B), Domanda (H) and Zinda Pir section (I–K), and Drazinda Formation in Rakhi Nala A (C; sample RN.A.4, D; sample RN.A.6), Rakhi Nala B (E–G) and Zinda Pir section (L).

Figure 5. Sample localities in Zinda Pir (A), Rakhi Nala (B) and Domanda Bridge (C) sections.

Figure 6. General test features in Tethyan orthophragminid genera (A) (after Ferràndez-Cañadell, 1997; Less, 1987; Özcan et al., 2016), qualitative parameters (B): a- types of embryon configurations, b- types of the adauxiliary chamberlets, c- different growth patterns of the equatorial annuli, d- types of granules and lateral chamberlets on the test surface, and parameters used in the morphometric description of orthophragminids as illustrated in D. pseudodispansa sp. nov. from sample RN.B9–79 (C). pac: principal auxiliary chamberlets.

Table 1. Statistical data of orthophragminids from the Pirkoh and Drazinda formations. For the illustration and explanation of the parameters see Figure 6C. N denotes the number of specimens studied in the sample.

		Outer cross diameter of the embryon				Adauxiliary chamberlets			Equatorial chamberlets			Species
		Deuteroconch		Protoconch		Number	Height	Width	Annuli/0.5mm	Height	Width
Sample	N	D		P		A	H	w	n0.5	h	w
		Range	Mean ± s.e	Range	Mean	Range	Range	Range	Range	Range	Range
DB-1	34	270–545	399.4 ± 9.84	120–210	161.1	26–37	40–125	25–55	7–11	40–110	25–50	D. dispansa
DB-3	10	390–700	516.5 ± 27.8	165–290	195.0	29–52	70–100	25–45	7–8	50–125	30–50
ZP-3	2	385–490	437.5 ± 37.1	130–140	135.0		45–55	30–40	10	45–55	30–40
ZP-4	17	360–820	478.8 ± 29.9	130–350	169.1	38–42	70–90	25–50	6–8	45–60	30–40
ZP-5	1		470.0		130.0	40	60–75	25–45	6	80–85	25–45
ZP-6	4	410–480	447.5 ± 12.03	115–220	161.2	36–43	50–75	20–40	7	50–60	25–40
ZP-7	3	370–465	411.6 ± 22.89	150–200	166.6		50–100	25–35	7	55–75	30–40
ZP-10	1		370.0
RN.A-2	16	350–900	529.6 ± 34.18	100–350	195.3	32–38	60–90	25–45	5–10	50–100	25–40
RN.A3	8	355–490	413.7 ± 18.2	110–200	157.7	27–37	35–70	20–60	6–10	45–65	20–45
RN.A6	15	520–795	663.6 ± 20.36	150–310	240.6	41–47	15–135	30–60	4.5–7	35–75	25–45
RN.B1	2	455–460	457.5 ± 1.7	140–215	177.5	30	25–90	30–50	7–9	50–70	25–35
RN.B2	11	345–480	418.1 ± 12.6	125–230	179.0	30–38	40–75	30–55	5–10	35–100	20–45
RN.B4	5	320–555	436.0 ± 33.2	140–180	162.0	30–40	45–70	25–45	5–8	50–85	20–40
RN.B6	1		420.0		180.0	40	40–80	20–50	8–9	35–85	20–45
RN.B7	4	400–490	432.5 ± 17.4	150–195	170.0	34–38	45–85	25–45	6–8	50–80	25–30
RN.B8	10	400–750	586.0 ± 36.5	175–300	227.7		75–110	36–60	6–11	30–85	35–45
RN.B9	11	300–570	470.9 ± 23.68	130–270	183.0	33–36	45–75	25–45	7–9	60–90	25–40
RN.A3	31	170–320	252.3 ± 7.36	75–175	106.2	19–35	20–65	20–50	8–15	45–125	25–40	D. pseudodispansa sp. nov.
RN.A6	2	250–250	250.0 ± 0.0		105.0	24	20–55	20–40	12–13	80–85	30–35
RN.B6	12	170–360	277.5 ± 17.6	80–180	124.1	32–34	45–80	25–50	8–13	40–100	20–45
RN.B7	2	210–260	235.0 ± 16.6	85–135	110.0	19	35–60	20–30	8–11	30–90	20–40
RN.B9	3	180–200	190.0 ± 4.71	80–90	83.3	15	30–45	25–30	13–14	60–100	30–35
ZP-4	2	215–260	237.5 ± 15.9	70–130	100.0		30–35	30–45	11	30	25
ZP-8	1		200.0		85.0
ZP-9	12	200–290	246.2 ± 8.9	70–110	92.1	20–29	25–45	30–45	9–13	55–65	25–45
ZP-10	3	190–255	223.3 ± 15.3	65–100	81.6	19–20	35–45	25–40	10–12	100–130	25–50
ZP-12	3	190–280	233.3 ± 21.7	80–120	95.0	19	40–55	25	9–11	45–50	25–35
DB-3	7	220–300	255.0 ± 9.95	110–140	125.0	22–29	35–65	25–35	12–16	55–90	25–30	D. praeomphalus
RN.A1	1		240.0		115.0	16			13
RN.A6	11	240–325	281.3 ± 7.36	100–140	123.5	22–26	30–65	25–35	10–13	50–85	25–35
RN.B3	1		215.0		105.0
RN.B8	4	270–300	287.5 ± 6.5	110–145	131.7	28	35–70	25–50	10–12	25–80	20–35
RN.A3	7	160–220	184.3 ± 7.98	70–100	82.9	14–15	20–45	20–40	14–16	50–80	20–35	D. augustae
RN.A6	5	160–200	178.0 ± 6.72	75–95	82.5	20	35–45	25–30	14–17	35–85	20–35
RN.B3	1		185.0		75.0
RN.B8	5	140–205	169.0 ± 9.53	70–80	76.0				15–16	55–60	25–30
DB-3	12	850–1575	1257.5 ± 46.3	410–700	565.0		120–165	35–85	4–5	55–90	25–50	D. discus
RN.A2	1		1275.0		400.0		140–150	60–90	4	85–90	40–50
RN.B3	4	680–1690	1292.0 ± 189				80–105	50–90	4–5
RN.B5	3	1150–1825	1591.6 ± 180.4						4
RN.B8	4	1150–1625	1343.7 ± 87.4	250–820	535.0		140–160	50–60	4–5	130–150	40–60
ZP-14	8	930–1350	1211.2 ± 41.3		500.0		90–150	50–90	4–6
RN.A3	3	440–500	473.3 ± 14.4	170–200	186.6	40–52	100–110	30–35	5			D. kutchensis
RN.A5	1
RN.A6	2	440–515	477.5 ± 26.5	175–230	202.5		100–110	30–35	6	100–135	30–35
RN.B3	1		560.0		200.0	53	100–110	40–45	6	120–125	25–35
RN.B5	2	560–630	595.0 ± 24.7		260.0
RN.B8	2	360–430	395.0 ± 24.7	130–200	165.0		100–120	30–45	7	100–115	30–35
RN.B9	14	140–205	168.5 ± 4.3	70–100	83.9	12–19	25–50	25–35	13	75–100	20–40	D. nandori
RN.B3	1		260.0		100.0							D. cf. nandori
ZP-5	1		55.0		40.0							D. sulaimanensis
ZP-10	10	55–65	60.0 ± 1.41	40–45	42.7	0–1	10–15	40–55	18–20	50–65	20–35
ZP-11	7	50–70	60.0 ± 2.47	35–45	41.4	0–1	15	45–50	18–19	50–65	25–30
ZP-12	20	55–75	64.9 ± 1.23	35–50	42.0	0–3	10–20	40–55	18–21	60–80	20–25
RN.B3	1		45.0		35.0	0	10	40	19?	50–60	20–30
RN.B9	16	60–80	70.0 ± 1.82	30–50	44.0	4–5	15–20	30	17–20	50–70	25–40	D. zindapirensis sp.nov.
RN.B9	7	75–120	102.8 ± 5.04	55–75	64.2	9–13	20–25	25–35	14–18	65–85	20–30	D. rakhinalaensis sp. nov.
RN.A3	1		110.0		70.0	2						Asterocyclina sireli
RN.B3	1											Asterocyclina stellata
RN.B8	2	120–125	122.5 ± 1.7	70–80	75.0
RN.B8	1
RN.B3	1		220.0		190.0

Figure 7. Distribution of orthophragminids and associated LBF taxa in the Rakhi Nala A and B sections.

Figure 8. Distribution of orthophragminids and associated LBF taxa in the Zinda Pir and Domanda Bridge sections.

Figure 9. External test features of Discocyclina pseudodispansa sp. nov., D. dispansa, D. kutchensis, D. rakhinalaensis sp. nov., D. zindapirensis sp. nov. and D. sulaimanensis from the Drazinda Formation. Specimen RN.A6-1 is the paratype of D. kutchensis (Özcan et al., 2016). b: bulges, f: flange, pi: piles, u: umbo, ud: umbonal depression.

Figure 10. External test features of Discocyclina nandori, D. praeomphalus, and D. augustae from the Drazinda Formation. pi: piles, u: umbo, ud: umbonal depression, r: ribs.

Figure 11. External test features of Discocyclina discus, and equatorial sections of microspheric forms of D. pseudodispansa sp. nov., D. kutchensis and D. augustae from the Drazinda Formation. pi: piles, u: umbo, f: flange.

Figure 12. Axial sections of Discocyclina dispansa, D. pseudodispansa sp. nov., D. augustae, D. zindapirensis sp. nov., D. sulaimanensis, and D. rakhinalaensis sp. nov. from the Drazinda Formation. The axial section of D. dispansa (specimen FUL1-18) from the Fulra Limestone at its type-locality in Kutch Basin (India) is also illustrated for comparison.

Figure 13. Comparison of the axial sections of Discocyclina sulaimanensis, D. zindapirensis sp. nov. and D. rakhinalaensis sp. nov. from the Drazinda Formation. P: protoconch, D: deutroconch, pi: piles, lcl: lateral chamberlets, eql: equatorial layer, ud: umbonal depression.

Figure 14. Axial sections of Discocyclina discus, D. praeomphalus, D. kutchensis, D. nandori and A. sireli from the Drazinda Formation.

Figure 15. Equatorial sections of Discocyclina dispansa, and D. pseudodispansa sp. nov. from the Pirkoh and Drazinda formations.

Figure 16. Equatorial sections of Discocyclina pseudodispansa sp. nov. from the Drazinda Formation.

Figure 17. Equatorial sections of Discocyclina dispansa from the Pirkoh and Drazinda formations. Note that high early annuli are followed by lower and narrower ones. The sections do not illustrate the complete ontogeny.

Figure 18. Equatorial sections of Discocyclina rakhinalaensis sp. nov., D. zindapirensis sp. nov. and D. sulaimanensis and D. augustae from the Drazinda Formation.

Figure 19. Comparison of embryon and equatorial chamberlets in Discocyclina rakhinalaensis sp. nov., D. zindapirensis sp. nov. and ‘D’. sulaimanensis from the Drazinda Formation.

Figure 20. Comparison of embryon and equatorial chamberlets in Discocyclina rakhinalaensis sp. nov., D. zindapirensis sp. nov. and ‘D’. sulaimanensis from the Drazinda Formation.

Figure 21. Embryon and equatorial chamberlets in Discocyclina augustae in the Drazinda Formation.

Figure 22. Equatorial sections of Discocyclina kutchensis and D. nandori from the Drazinda Formation.

Figure 23. Comparison of embryon and equatorial chamberlets in Discocyclina kutchensis, D. nandori and D. praeomphalus from the Drazinda Formation.

Figure 24. Embryon and equatorial chamberlets in Discocyclina praeomphalus and D. discus from the Drazinda Formation.

Figure 25. Embryon and equatorial chamberlets in Discocyclina discus from the Pirkoh and Drazinda formations.

Figure 26. Comparison of embryon and equatorial chamberlets in Asterocyclina stellata and A. sireli from the Drazinda Formation.

Figure 27. Identification chart of orthophragminids from the Sulaiman Range based on external test shape and corresponding equatorial sections. The flat orthophragminids are categorized into four groups based on test surface features (e.g. ribs, bulges, and central depression of the test). The flat specimens with smooth test surface are further categorized as ‘small’ (<3 mm) and ‘large’ (>3 mm). The saddle-shaped tests are subdivided into two categories as ‘smooth tests’ and tests with ‘umbonal depression’. This categorisation does not reflect a taxonomical hierarchical classification.

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