The influence of the macular carotenoids on women’s eye and brain health

Figures & data

Table 1. Global sex differences on neurodegenerative disease and health focusing on areas influenced by carotenoid intake.

Variables	Effect
Morbidity
Macular degeneration	70% prevalence in females [1]
Dementia	69% prevalence in females [2]
Parkinson’s disease	54% prevalence in males [3]
Multiple sclerosis	Prevalence three times higher in females [4]
Cataracts	Global blindness due to cataract was 35.5% for females and 30.1% for males [5]
Osteoporosis	24.4% female, 20.5% male [6]
Mortality
Life-span	74.2 years for females, 69.8 for males [7]
Cardiovascular disease/stroke	A factor of 4–5 (30–64 years), less (two) at older age (65–89 years) [8]
All-cause cancer	19% higher in males than females (death rates 43% higher in males [9])

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