Development of English Picture Vocabulary Test as an Assessment Tool for Very Young EFL Learners’ Receptive and Expressive Language Skills

Figures & data

Figure 1. Receptive and expressive vocabulary test framework.

Table 1. English picture vocabulary test development sequence.

Stages of test development and administration		Additional tasks
1	Test conceptualization (Specification of Test Purpose)
2	English National Curriculum in Turkey and course books for VYLs analysis (target vocabulary and structure)	Consultation with external experts
3	Selection of types of test and test items	Consultation with external experts
4	Test plan and specification
5	Drawings of illustrations
6	Evaluation of test items (drawings)	Consultation with 20 children and 4 experts
7	Correction and modification of test items
8	Preparing recording and scoring keys
9	Final pilot-test administration	Sample audio recordings
10	Recording pilot-test data
11	Analysis (KR20 and Point biserial correlation)	Consultation with external experts
12	Proofreading of the test

Table 2. Pilot reliability indices: test versions (KR20).

	Number the of items	KR20	Test-retest
Receptive EPVT	48	.89	.93
Expressive EPVT	48	.91	.94

Table 3. Distribution of the items in expressive and receptive EPVT among the different ranges of difficulty indices.

Difficulty index	Degree of difficulty	Number of questions in Expressive	Number of questions in Receptive
0–0.2	Very difficult	0	0
0.21–0.4	Moderately difficult	1	0
0.41–0.6	Intermediate difficulty	25	10
0.61–0.8	Moderately easy	22	38
0.81–1.0	Very easy	0	0
Total		48	48

Table 4. The distribution of the items in expressive and receptive EPVT among the different ranges of discrimination indices.

Discrimination index	Percentage of questions (Receptive)	Percentage of questions (Expressive)
≤0.09	0	0
0.1–0.19	0	0
0.2–0.29	6.25%	6.25%
0.3–0.39	31.25%	31.25%
>0.39	62.5%	62.5%
Total (%)	100	100

Table 5. EPVT difficulty and discrimination indices for each item in the pilot data.

Item	Exp. Mean	Rec. Mean	Rec. Std	Exp. Std	Exp. Rpbi	Rec. Rpbi	Item difficulty (Exp.)	Item difficulty (Rec.)
yellow	36.32	34.48	0.44	0.49	0.429	0.609	0.62	0.73
green	37.08	35.45	0.42	0.49	0.474	0.543	0.58	0.78
blue	35.94	34.70	0.42	0.50	0.312	0.506	0.52	0.76
black	35.93	29.27	0.44	0.49	0.239	0.326	0.39	0.73
red	36.64	35.33	0.43	0.47	0.517	0.588	0.67	0.76
purple	36.31	34.86	0.43	0.50	0.312	0.574	0.47	0.75
white	37.00	34.86	0.43	0.49	0.478	0.532	0.59	0.76
pink	36.21	34.57	0.42	0.50	0.315	0.512	0.49	0.78
grapes	36.03	35.15	0.50	0.43	0.526	0.318	0.75	0.49
orange	35.14	34.00	0.47	0.41	0.455	0.323	0.74	0.68
pear	31.21	35.68	0.50	0.45	0.469	0.353	0.73	0.55
cherry	30.73	35.19	0.48	0.41	0.490	0.340	0.75	0.63
corn	30.55	35.12	0.47	0.41	0.447	0.448	0.76	0.66
carrot	31.89	35.54	0.49	0.47	0.513	0.382	0.68	0.62
banana	31.76	34.71	0.43	0.46	0.522	0.368	0.70	0.75
apple	31.81	34.41	0.43	0.46	0.537	0.432	0.70	0.75
eye	32.31	36.95	0.48	0.45	0.627	0.633	0.71	0.63
foot	33.39	37.48	0.48	0.49	0.605	0.670	0.59	0.63
head	32.73	36.12	0.49	0.49	0.552	0.478	0.61	0.62
ear	30.11	36.75	0.48	0.41	0.392	0.584	0.75	0.65
nose	33.71	36.33	0.46	0.50	0.505	0.583	0.47	0.69
hand	32.50	36.53	0.47	0.50	0.457	0.577	0.55	0.67
hair	31.65	36.72	0.50	0.45	0.511	0.453	0.71	0.53
mouth	33.01	36.96	0.48	0.50	0.514	0.589	0.55	0.63
happy	32.08	36.16	0.46	0.50	0.386	0.549	0.54	0.69
scared	30.42	36.17	0.49	0.48	0.300	0.306	0.65	0.41
surprised	30.96	36.46	0.50	0.46	0.409	0.388	0.70	0.48
tired	30.76	36.66	0.50	0.50	0.234	0.484	0.47	0.57
hungry	31.10	35.72	0.46	0.50	0.260	0.487	0.46	0.70
sad	30.97	35.76	0.48	0.50	0.223	0.427	0.50	0.63
angry	31.88	37.31	0.48	0.49	0.450	0.655	0.61	0.64
thirsty	31.02	35.85	0.49	0.50	0.255	0.413	0.46	0.60
shoe	31.96	35.18	0.45	0.49	0.459	0.463	0.61	0.72
hat	31.72	36.06	0.47	0.47	0.496	0.525	0.68	0.68
skirt	31.93	35.30	0.50	0.50	0.335	0.303	0.46	0.54
coat	32.59	35.89	0.50	0.50	0.397	0.387	0.47	0.57
trousers	32.57	35.59	0.50	0.50	0.376	0.351	0.44	0.57
sock	31.71	35.18	0.48	0.50	0.306	0.345	0.45	0.63
dress	32.55	34.88	0.49	0.49	0.363	0.273	0.43	0.59
scarf	25.85	35.48	0.48	0.47	0.234	0.406	0.67	0.63
monkey	29.25	35.40	0.44	0.48	0.439	0.475	0.63	0.73
chicken	32.14	34.51	0.44	0.50	0.355	0.359	0.46	0.73
horse	29.38	35.25	0.44	0.49	0.437	0.506	0.62	0.74
snake	32.96	33.08	0.44	0.49	0.556	0.261	0.59	0.73
lion	33.31	36.02	0.47	0.49	0.581	0.490	0.58	0.66
dog	33.35	35.26	0.44	0.50	0.558	0.332	0.56	0.74
cat	32.99	33.66	0.42	0.50	0.409	0.240	0.44	0.76
elephant	33.38	35.32	0.44	0.50	0.548	0.482	0.55	0.76