Promoting Classroom Engagement Through the Use of an Online Student Response System: A Mixed Methods Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Visual representation of the crossover design.

Time	Intervention group	Control group
Week 0	Pretest	Pretest
Weeks 1–3	Standard curriculum + Socrative	Standard curriculum
End of Week 3	Post-test	Post-test
Weeks 4–6	Standard curriculum	Standard curriculum + Socrative

NOTE: The data collected only relates to all students responses on the pretest (i.e., before the teaching period commenced) and post-test (after the first three weeks of the teaching period). The cross-over component was only completed for the purpose of fairness (i.e., so that all students would have an opportunity to use Socrative). No actual data was collected at the end of this phase, as to avoid practice effects and other threats to internal validity.

Table 2 Summary of content covered in tutorial sessions.

Week number	Content covered
Week 1	Foundations of statistics
Week 2	Introduction to correlation and simple linear regression
Week 3	Introduction to multiple regression
Week 4	Part and partial correlations
Week 5	Multiple regression report writing
Week 6	Introduction to analysis of variance

Fig. 1 Comparing student’s perceived knowledge (pre-post) using Socrative.

Table 3 Descriptive statistics for the pre- and post-survey responses for total academic engagement.

	Pretest			Post-test
Group	Median	M	SD	Median	M	SD	M Δ	SDΔ
Standard curriculum with Socrative	43	40.38	10.93	45	43.75	6.92	–3.38	6.30
Standard curriculum	40	42.60	7.44	41	41.40	7.13	1.20	6.61

Table

	Pretest		Post-test
	M	SD	M	SD	Δ
Standard curriculum with Socrative
At school, I feel bursting with energy	3.13	1.36	3.67	1.86	0.54
At school, I feel strong and vigorous	3.63	1.30	3.83	1.72	0.20
I am enthusiastic about my school work	4.75	1.75	5.17	1.17	0.42
My school work inspires me	4.63	1.85	5.17	0.41	0.54
When I get up, I feel like going to school	3.25	2.19	3.50	2.17	0.25
I feel happy when I am working intensely at school	5.25	0.46	5.67	1.51	0.42
I am proud of the work that I do at school	5.25	1.49	5.83	0.75	0.58
I am immersed in my school work	4.38	1.30	5.83	0.75	1.45
I get carried away when I am working at school	3.63	2.07	5.17	1.33	1.54
Standard curriculum
At school, I feel bursting with energy	3.50	1.41	3.88	1.55	0.38
At school, I feel strong and vigorous	3.88	1.25	3.38	1.69	–0.50
I am enthusiastic about my school work	4.75	1.75	5.38	1.06	0.63
My school work inspires me	4.13	1.64	5.13	0.35	1.00
When I get up, I feel like going to school	4.00	2.14	3.88	1.96	–0.12
I feel happy when I am working intensely at school	5.50	0.76	5.50	1.31	0.00
I am proud of the work that I do at school	5.50	1.60	5.88	0.64	0.38
I am immersed in my school work	4.75	1.49	5.63	0.74	0.88
I get carried away when I am working at school	4.38	1.85	5.13	1.13	0.75

NOTE: M = mean, SD = standard deviation, Δ = change in mean from pretest to post-test.