Thiopental sodium loaded solid lipid nano-particles attenuates obesity-induced cardiac dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy via inactivation of inflammatory pathway

Figures & data

Figure 1. (A,B) Optimized TS-SLN characterization: (A) shows particle size and (B) TEM analysis.

Figure 2. Thiopental sodium (TS), in vitro release from solid lipid nanoparticles SLN) and TS- solution at different time intervals (0–24 h) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) with dialysis method.

Table 1. Particle size, entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of SLN after storage at 25°C/60%RH.

Time (in weeks)	Particle size (nm)	PDI	EE (%)	LC (%)
0	68.07	0.149	88	13.3
1	68	0.151	87.3	13.1
2	67.8	0. 23	87	12.8
4	67.5	0. 25	86.8	12.5
8	67	0.29	86.5	12.3
12	66	0. 33	86.4	12.2

SLN: Solid lipid nanoparticles; EE: Entrapment Efficiency; LC: Loading Capacity; PDI: Polydispersity Index.

Table 2. Particle size, entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of SLN after storage at 40°C/75%RH.

Time (in weeks)	Particle size (nm)	PDI	EE (%)	LC (%)
0	68.07	0.149	88	13.3
1	70.12	0.154	87.2	13.1
2	72.04	0.24	83.1	12.7
4	78.11	0.37	80.31	12.4
8	99.3	0.45	76.21	11.8
12	107.1	0.58	73.21	10.10

Figure 3. Exhibited the systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the normal and experimental group during the 8 weeks. Tail cuff method was used for the estimation of SBP. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, *p < .05, **p < .01 and ***p < .001.

Figure 4. Exhibited the level of hemodynamics parameters in the normal and experimental group during the 8 weeks. (a) LVSP, (b) LVEDP, (c) +dp/dt_max and (d) −dp/dt_max Date are presented as the mean ± SD, *p < .05, **p < .01 and ***p < .001.

Figure 5. Exhibited the level of cardiac remodeling parameters in the normal and experimental group during the 8 weeks. (a) TAA, (b) LA, (c) CSA and (d) CSA/TAA. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, *p < .05, **p < .01 and ***p < .001.

Figure 6. Exhibited the level of aortic parameters in the normal and experimental group during the 8 weeks. (a) Lumen, (b) Media, (c) M/L and (d) AR. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, *p < .05, **p < .01 and ***p < .001.

Figure 7. Exhibited the level of biochemical parameters in the normal and experimental group during the 8 weeks. (a) NO, (b) L-arginine, (c) BH₄ and (d) ET-1. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, *p < .05, **p < .01 and ***p < .001.

Figure 8. Exhibited the level of antioxidant parameters in the normal and experimental group during the 8 weeks. (a) SOD, (b) CAT, (c) GSH-Px and (d) MDA. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, *p < .05, **p < .01 and ***p < .001.

Figure 9. Exhibited the level of apoptosis marker in the normal and experimental group during the 8 weeks. (a) caspase-3, (b) caspase-8 and (c) caspase-9. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, *p < .05, **p < .01 and ***p < .001.

Figure 10. Exhibited the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory parameters in the normal and experimental group during the 8 weeks. (a) TNF-α, (b) IL-1β, (c) IL-6 and (d) NF-kB. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, *p < .05, **p < .01 and ***p < .001.

Figure 11. Exhibited the level of p-38 MAPK parameter in the normal and experimental group during the 8 weeks. Data are presented as the mean ± SD, *p < .05, **p < .01 and ***p < .001.