Nano-Emulsion Production by Sonication and Microfluidization—A Comparison

Figures & data

Table 1 Experimental parameters.

No.	Parameters studied	Levels
1	Emulsion continuous phase	Hi-Cap + MD, WPC + MD
2	Dispersed phase oil(% of total solids w/w)	20, 25
3	Microfluidization pressures (MPa)	35, 70, 105
4	Microfluidization cycles	1, 2, 3
5	Ultrasonication time (s)	20, 40, 60

Table 2 Effect of microfluidization conditions on the emulsion size of d-Limonene with two different compositions of continuous phase (40% solids).

No	Pressure(MPa)	Cycles	D32 (nm)	Span	D32 (nm)	Span	D32 (nm)	Span	D32 (nm)	Span
			Hi-Cap + MD				WPC + MD
			Oil = 25% of solids (w/w)		Oil = 20% of solids (w/w)		Oil = 25% of solids (w/w)		Oil = 20% of solids (w/w)
1*	0	0	9991	1.7	9675	1.5	1056	3.2	387	6.2
2	35	1	497	1.4	445	1.5	5048	1.3	165	4.5
3	35	2	573	1.1	552	1.1	5128	1.1	133	3.6
4	35	3	597	1.1	536	1.1	3185	1.6	125	3.5
5	70	1	449	1.4	488	1.3	7024	1.1	137	3.6
6	70	2	593	1.1	525	1.0	7407	1.2	125	3.6
7	70	3	672	1.0	540	1.0	6875	1.3	135	5.9
8	105	1	716	1.1	477	1.3	7306	1.3	137	3.6
9	105	2	706	1.0	548	1.0	6877	1.4	136	3.7
10	105	3	704	0.9	585	1.0	8501	1.9	138	3.9
*Coarse emulsion (without treatment). Values represent means of duplicate measurements of two separate samples.

Figure 1 Effect of microfluidization pressure (2 cycles) on the size of emulsions.

Table 3 Effect of ultrasonication conditions on the emulsion size of d-Limonene with two different compositions of continuous phase (40% solids).

No	Frequency(KHz)	Time (s)	D32 (nm)	Span	D32 (nm)	Span	D32 (nm)	Span	D32 (nm)	Span
			Hi-Cap + MD				WPC + MD
			Oil = 25% of solids (w/w)		Oil = 20% of solids (w/w)		Oil = 25% of solids (w/w)		Oil = 20% of solids (w/w)
1*	0	0	9991	1.7	9675	1.5	1056	3.2	387	6.2
2	24	20	701	4.2	657	5.5	854	6.7	243	21.1
3	24	40	523	1.5	484	1.6	867	3.1	285	14.6
4	24	60	522	1.3	460	1.5	754	2.7	298	12.9
*Coarse emulsion (without treatment). Values represent mean of duplicate measurement of two separate samples.

Figure 2 Effect of ultrasonication time on the emulsion size.

Figure 3 Size distribution of the emulsions produced by (a) microfluidizer for one cycle at 3 different pressures and (b) Ultrasound at the highest power for 3 different times. Emulsion was containing d-limonene (20% of total solids) as the dispersed phase and hydrated solution of Hi-Cap/MD (40% solids) as the continuous phase.