Effects of Drying Temperature and Particle Size on Hydration Properties of Dietary Fiber Powder from Lime and Cabbage By-Products

Figures & data

Figure 1 Drying kinetics of lime residues at temperatures of 60°C (▴), 70°C (•), and 80°C (▪).

Figure 2 Drying kinetics of outer leaves of cabbage at temperatures of 60°C (▴), 70°C (•), and 80°C (▪).

Table 1 Equilibrium moisture content of samples undergoing different drying temperatures

Samples	Temperature (°C)	Equilibrium moisture content (% dry basis)
Lime residues	60	2.62 ± 1.29
	70	2.42 ± 0.21
	80	0.70 ± 0.49
Outer leaves of cabbage	60	3.26 ± 0.04
	70	2.36 ± 0.13
	80	1.27 ± 1.11

Table 2 Drying time of samples to obtain final moisture content in range of 6.4–8.7% (dry basis)

Samples	Temperature (°C)	Drying time (h)
Lime residues	60	7.0
	70	5.0
	80	4.5
Outer leaves of cabbage	60	7.5
	70	6.0
	80	5.5

Table 3 Dietary fiber content (dry basis) of lime residues during processing steps

Processing step	IDF	SDF	TDF	SDF:IDF
Removing seed	43.40 ± 0.76^a	39.24 ± 6.49^a	82.64 ± 6.28^a	1:1.1
Blanching	39.03 ± 2.22^b	29.13 ± 1.90^b	68.16 ± 0.32^b	1:1.3
Soaking in NaCl solution	36.27 ± 1.47^b	29.11 ± 2.46^b	65.38 ± 1.10^b	1:1.2
Chopping	35.62 ± 1.53^b	28.29 ± 0.68^b	63.91 ± 1.39^b	1:1.3
Same letters in the same column indicate that values are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05).

Table 4 Dietary fiber content (dry basis) of lime residues powder

Drying temperature (°C)	IDF	SDF	TDF	IDF:SDF
60	34.15 ± 1.28^a	29.55 ± 0.69^a	63.70 ± 0.70^a	1:1.2
70	33.82 ± 1.47^a	29.12 ± 0.73^a	62.94 ± 1.84^a	1:1.2
80	34.99 ± 1.48^a	29.31 ± 1.32^a	64.30 ± 1.73^a	1:1.2
Same letters in the same column indicate that values are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05).

Table 5 Dietary fiber content (dry basis) of dried powder of cabbage outer leaves

Drying temperature (°C)	IDF	SDF	TDF	SDF:IDF
60	38.27 ± 5.24^a	4.88 ± 0.33^a	43.15 ± 5.56^a	1:7.8
70	37.82 ± 2.94^a	4.04 ± 0.19^a	41.86 ± 3.03^a	1:9.4
80	35.48 ± 1.43^a	5.03 ± 0.71^a	40.50 ± 1.65^a	1:7.1
Same letters in the same column indicate that values are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05).

Table 6 Water holding capacity of high dietary fiber powder

	Drying temperature (°C)
	60		70		80
Particle size	Lime residues	Outer leaves of cabbage	Lime residues	Outer leaves of cabbage	Lime residues	Outer leaves of cabbage
300–450	11.59 ± 0.90^a	17.02 ± 2.71^c	11.33 ± 1.56^a	17.39 ± 2.32^c	11.15 ± 0.83^a	18.21 ± 1.52^d
250–300	11.40 ± 1.21^a	15.59 ± 1.96^c	12.00 ± 1.89^a	15.58 ± 0.61^c	11.12 ± 0.91^a	15.43 ± 1.20^c
150–250	12.49 ± 2.60^a	11.60 ± 1.34^b	11.46 ± 1.21^a	12.34 ± 0.74^b	10.78 ± 1.18^a	10.20 ± 0.93^b
63–150	11.74 ± 2.96^a	6.50 ± 1.05^a	10.28 ± 0.92^a	7.13 ± 1.43^a	11.04 ± 1.06^a	6.27 ± 0.28^a
Same letters in the same column indicate that values are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05).

Table 7 Swelling capacity of high dietary fiber powder

	Drying temperature (°C)
	60		70		80
Particle size	Lime residues	Outer leaves of cabbage	Lime residues	Outer leaves of cabbage	Lime residues	Outer leaves of cabbage
300–450	14.10 ± 1.88^a	21.38 ± 1.70^b	14.38 ± 2.01^a	20.73 ± 0.44^b	14.79 ± 0.80^a	21.41 ± 1.82^c
250–300	13.69 ± 1.19^a	19.82 ± 1.36^b	15.13 ± 0.75^a	19.45 ± 1.62^b	13.66 ± 0.77^a	20.32 ± 1.22^bc
150–250	13.87 ± 1.00^a	17.31 ± 1.22^a	14.55 ± 1.07^a	17.12 ± 1.32^a	14.50 ± 0.62^a	18.69 ± 0.68^ab
63–150	15.87 ± 1.01^a	16.84 ± 0.46^a	14.85 ± 1.11^a	16.58 ± 0.61^a	14.72 ± 0.69^a	16.37 ± 0.92^a
Same letters in the same column indicate that values are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05).