Physicochemical Characterization of the Strawberry Samples on Regional Basis Using Multivariate Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Physical and proximate composition of strawberries

S. No.	Sample	Shape	Sample weight (g)	Water content (g/100 g fruit)	Volatiles (g/100 g fruit)	Ash (g/100 g fruit)
1	Panu aqil	Conic	10.72 ± 1.12	86.52 ± 0.10	12.64 ± 0.89	0.87 ± 0.01
2	Khairpur mirs	Globose conic	8.16 ± 1.21	88.6 ± 0.26	11.27 ± 0.94	0.13 ± 0.01
3	Gambut	Conic	12.79 ± 1.34	91.29 ± 0.54	8.65 ± 0.96	0.05 ± 0.01
4	Mir pur dhamky Lahore	Globose conic	10.79 ± 1.25	86.51 ± 0.38	13.32 ± 0.99	0.17 ± 0.01
5	Sharqpur Road Lahore	Globose conic	16.09 ± 1.08	89.18 ± 0.84	10.65 ± 1.02	0.16 ± 0.02
6	Rawaldam	Conic	9.00 ± 1.02	88.97 ± 0.55	10.97 ± 1.21	0.05 ± 0.01
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).

Table 2 Mineral Elemental composition in different samples of strawberries

Location	K (g/kg)	Mg (g/kg)	Ca (mg/kg)	Na (mg/kg)	Fe (mg/kg)	Cu (mg/kg)	Zn (mg/kg)	Mn (mg/kg)
Panu Aqil	1.65 ± 0.19	0.14 ± 0.00	96.21 ± 1.70	23.96 ± 0.74	6.18 ± 1.25	0.51 ± 0.03	1.22 ± 0.02	3.35 ± 0.03
Khairpur Mirs	1.93 ± 0.06	0.15 ± 0.00	118.13 ± 1.44	23.51 ± 1.48	19.27 ± 0.20	0.57 ± 0.04	1.40 ± 0.03	2.19 ± 0.03
Mir pur Dhamky Lahore	1.72 ± 0.14	0.14 ± 0.01	90.25 ± 1.58	36.03 ± 1.41	15.68 ± 1.03	0.80 ± 0.11	1.22 ± 0.02	3.37 ± 0.02
Lahore	1.48 ± 0.04	0.12 ± 0.00	79.59 ± 3.20	31.59 ± 1.80	7.54 ± 0.05	0.72 ± 0.09	0.82 ± 0.04	3.13 ± 0.06
Gambut	1.85 ± 0.18	0.14 ± 0.01	90.68 ± 3.83	24.05 ± 0.42	6.04 ± 0.39	1.04 ± 0.07	2.33 ± 0.03	4.07 ± 0.04
Rawaldam	1.14 ± 0.05	0.13 ± 0.01	124.11 ± 1.55	34.69 ± 1.56	6.12 ± 1.91	0.69 ± 0.03	1.76 ± 0.04	4.62 ± 0.03
Average	1.63	0.144	99.83	28.97	10.14	0.72	1.46	3.39
p–value	>0.05	<0.05	<0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).

Figure 1 One–Way Normal Analysis of Means (ANOM) for mineral composition of strawberry fruit Inset provides ANOM for: (a) K, (b) Mg, (c) Ca, (d) Na, (e) Cu, (f) Fe, (g) Mn, (h) Zn. Sample identification: 1: Panu Aqil; 2: Khairpur Mirs; 3: Gambut; 4: Mirpur Dhamkay Lahore; 5: Sharqpur Road Lahore; and 6: Rawaldam.

Table 3 Contents of minerals in strawberries in different studies as mean and range (in parenthesis)

Mineral	Present study	Hakala (16)	Tahvonen (20)
K (g/kg)	1.63(1.14-1.93)	2.09(1.64-2.53)	2.0(1.74-2.36)
Mg (g/kg)	0.14(0.12-0.15)	0.16(0.11-0.22)	0.16(0.14-0.20)
Ca (mg/kg)	99.83(79.59–124.11)	189(171–223)	200(190–230)
Na (mg/kg)	28.92(23.50-36.03)	ND	ND
Cu (mg/kg)	0.72(0.51-1.03)	0.56(0.38-0.98)	ND
Fe (mg/kg)	10.14(6.04–19.27)	3.2(2.13-4.49)	4.1(2.9-5.9)
Mn (mg/kg)	3.39(2.19-4.62)	3.2(2.32-4.39)	4.6(2.7-6.5)
Zn (mg/kg)	1.46(0.82-2.33)	1.2(0.8-1.5)	1.4(1.1-1.7)
Pb (μg/kg)	BDL	BDL	4(3–6)
Cd (μg/kg)	BDL	BDL	7(3–12)
ND: not detected; and BDL: below detection limit.

Figure 2 Significant correlation between water content and volatile matters.

Table 4 Component matrix for compositional parameters (significant PCA components are shown in bold)

Variable	PCI	PCII
K	0.384	0.126
Mg	0.385	0.139
Ca	0.383	0.216
Fe	0.346	−0.932
Cu	0.381	0.140
Zn	0.385	0.063
Mn	0.380	0.160

Figure 3 Bi–plot for object scores of the first two principal vectors of 20 strawberry samples. Regional differences are illustrated by clusters of points.

Figure 4 Dendrogram resulting from hierarchical cluster analysis. (a) Cluster variables; (b) cluster observation. Sample Identification 1: Panu Aqil; 2: Khairpur Mirs; 3: Gambut; 4: Mirpur Dhamky Lahore; 5: Sharqpur Road Lahore; 6: Rawaldam; 7: Senga PP; 8: Senga E; 9: Senga SW; 10: Senga; 11: Jonsok; 12: Korona; 13: Polka; 14: Honeoye; 15: Bounty; 16 (Polka–OR; 17: Honeoye–OR; 18: Jonsok–OR; 19: Allstar; and 20: Honeoye.