Effect of Pre-Germination Time on Amino Acid Profile and Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) Contents in Different Varieties of Malaysian Brown Rice

Figures & data

Table 1 Amino acid profile of non-germinated brown rice varieties (mg/g of dry wt ± S.D.).^a

Variety	Asp	Ser	Gly	His	Arg	Thr	Ala	Pro
MRQ 74	9.0 ± 0.2	3.3 ± 0.2	4.2 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.0	4.6 ± 0.2	2.5 ± 0.4	5.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.2
Sekencang	8.1 ± 0.2	3.6 ± 0.4	3.9 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	4.4 ± 0.1	2.3 ± 0.1	4.9 ± 0.5	3.6 ± 0.2
Kadaria	8.3 ± 0.3	4.7 ± 0.1	4.3 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.1	4.6 ± 0.2	2.1 ± 0.1	4.6 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3
MR 220	7.9 ± 0.5	4.4 ± 0.2	4.1 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1	4.6 ± 0.1	2.0 ± 0.1	4.8 ± 0.1	3.6 ± 0.3
MR 123	7.7 ± 0.4	4.7 ± 0.2	4.4 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.1	5.2 ± 0.1	2.8 ± 0.3	4.8 ± 0.1	3.9 ± 0.3
MR 219	7.6 ± 0.2	3.6 ± 0.4	3.7 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.2	4.7 ± 0.3	2.1 ± 0.1	4.8 ± 0.4	3.5 ± 0.3
Pulut Siding	6.6 ± 0.2	3.9 ± 0.2	3.5 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.2	4.2 ± 0.1	2.3 ± 0.2	4.2 ± 0.3	3.2 ± 0.1
Pulut Hitam 9	6.8 ± 0.2	4.4 ± 0.2	3.8 ± 0.5	1.6 ± 0.1	4.8 ± 0.6	2.5 ± 0.3	4.4 ± 0.2	3.5 ± 0.2
MRQ50	7.0 ± 0.2	4.1 ± 0.1	3.8 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.2	4.3 ± 0.0	2.2 ± 0.2	4.4 ± 0.0	3.3 ± 0.1
Manik	6.6 ± 0.5	3.1 ± 0.1	3.2 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	3.8 ± 0.1	2.1 ± 0.1	3.8 ± 0.2	3.1 ± 0.3
MR 84	7.2 ± 0.1	3.7 ± 0.1	4.1 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.0	4.4 ± 0.3	2.8 ± 0.2	4.7 ± 0.2	3.6 ± 0.1
MR 159	5.8 ± 0.6	3.5 ± 0.2	3.4 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.1	3.9 ± 0.4	2.4 ± 0.2	3.8 ± 0.1	3.2 ± 0.1
Sekembang	6.0 ± 0.4	2.7 ± 0.2	2.8 ± 0.6	0.8 ± 0.0	3.4 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.0	3.5 ± 0.1	2.8 ± 0.2
Makmur	5.6 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	3.5 ± 0.1	1.7 ± 0.2	3.5 ± 0.1	2.7 ± 0.3
MR 103	6.5 ± 0.2	3.1 ± 0.1	3.1 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.1	3.7 ± 0.2	1.8 ± 0.1	3.8 ± 0.4	3.0 ± 0.1
MR 232	8.0 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.3	3.2 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.1	3.9 ± 0.2	2.1 ± 0.1	5.1 ± 0.1	3.3 ± 0.1
Bahagia	7.3 ± 0.2	3.5 ± 0.2	3.4 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.4	4.1 ± 0.1	2.1 ± 0.1	4.3 ± 0.2	3.4 ± 0.1
Malinja	6.9 ± 0.2	5.8 ± 0.4	3.2 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.3	3.9 ± 0.3	1.7 ± 0.1	4.2 ± 0.4	3.2 ± 0.3
MRQ 74	1.7 ± 0.1	2.5 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.3	3.7 ± 0.1	11.4 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.1
Sekencang	1.3 ± 0.1	2.3 ± 0.1	1.5 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.1	7.4 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.1	2.5 ± 0.1
Kadaria	1.5 ± 0.1	2.2 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.1	3.9 ± 0.1	6.5 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.1	2.4 ± 0.2
MR 220	2.1 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.1	1.8 ± 0.4	3.5 ± 0.1	10.0 ± 0.2	1.9 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.1
MR 123	2.2 ± 0.0	2.3 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.3	3.6 ± 0.1	12.3 ± 0.1	4.0 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.1
MR 219	2.3 ± 0.1	2.4 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.1	3.3 ± 0.1	8.0 ± 0.2	4.5 ± 0.1	2.5 ± 0.1
Pulut Siding	1.4 ± 0.2	2.3 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.2	3.6 ± 0.1	4.7 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.1	2.0 ± 0.1
Pulut Hitam 9	2.0 ± 0.1	2.3 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.2	3.5 ± 0.1	12.2 ± 0.1	4.0 ± 0.2	2.4 ± 0.1
MRQ50	2.1 ± 0.1	2.0 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.3	3.5 ± 0.1	11.2 ± 0.1	3.4 ± 0.1	2.1 ± 0.1
Manik	1.0 ± 0.1	1.9 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.2	2.9 ± 0.1	5.8 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.1	2.0 ± 0.2
MR 84	1.4 ± 0.1	2.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	3.7 ± 0.1	8.1 ± 0.1	1.8 ± 0.1	2.4 ± 0.1
MR 159	1.8 ± 0.1	1.9 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.2	7.8 ± 0.1	3.2 ± 0.1	1.9 ± 0.1
Sekembang	1.1 ± 0.1	1.9 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.0	3.1 ± 0.1	7.6 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.2	1.8 ± 0.2
Makmur	1.1 ± 0.2	1.6 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1	2.7 ± 0.1	4.5 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.1
MR 103	1.1 ± 0.1	1.7 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.2	2.9 ± 0.1	4.9 ± 0.1	2.1 ± 0.1	2.0 ± 0.1
MR 232	0.8 ± 0.1	2.3 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.2	3.4 ± 0.1	4.9 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.2	2.3 ± 0.1
Bahagia	1.0 ± 0.1	2.2 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	2.9 ± 0.1	3.2 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.1	2.3 ± 0.2
Malinja	1.4 ± 0.4	2.0 ± 0.5	1.3 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.5	3.1 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.2	2.1 ± 0.1
^aS.D.: standard deviation (three replicates).
Note: Protein (g/100 g).

Table 2 Glutamic acid content in brown rice varieties at different pre-germination times

		Pre-germination times (mg/g of dry wt ± S.D.)
Group	Variety	0	24	48	72	96
HGR	MRQ 74	15.2 ± 0.6^a	16.4 ± 0.5^a	19.4 ± 0.5^b	18.8 ± 0.5^b	21.3 ± 0.3^c
	Sekencang	14.1 ± 0.4^a	19.5 ± 0.3^b	15.9 ± 0.4^c	15.2 ± 0.5^ac	20.2 ± 0.5^b
	Kadaria	14.3 ± 0.2^a	19.6 ± 0.1^b	14.6 ± 0.4^a	17.2 ± 0.5^c	19.3 ± 0.3^b
	MR 220	14.8 ± 0.7^a	18.6 ± 0.6^b	16.9 ± 0.5^c	17.5 ± 0.2^bc	17.5 ± 0.3^bc
	MR 123	14.7 ± 0.3^a	20.4 ± 0.1^b	19.7 ± 0.5^b	20.1 ± 0.3 ^b	20.1 ± 0.6^b
	MR 219	13.0 ± 0.9^a	17.6 ± 0.1^b	14.6 ± 0.5^c	14.2 ± 0.5^ac	16.6 ± 0.4^b
MGR	Pulut Siding	13.2 ± 0.1^a	18.0 ± 0.1^b	16.5 ± 0.4^c	16.7 ± 0.4^c	21.0 ± 0.2^d
	Pulut Hitam 9	13.1 ± 0.1^a	17.5 ± 0.3^b	15.2 ±0.2^c	16.8 ± 0.5^b	17.6 ± 0.4^b
	MRQ50	13.9 ± 0.6^a	18.6 ± 0.2^b	13.5 ± 0.3^a	18.3 ± 0.2^b	18.3 ± 0.8^b
	Manik	11.9 ± 0.6^a	14.3 ± 0.1^b	15.8 ± 0.5^c	12.7 ± 0.5^a	15.6 ± 0.6^bc
	MR 84	13.6 ± 0.5^a	13.9 ± 0.1^a	12.0 ± 0.2^b	13.4 ± 0.4^a	17.1 ± 0.6^d
	MR 159	11.8 ± 0.4^a	15.0 ± 0.5^b	16.3 ± 0.4^c	15.3 ± 0.4^bc	16.1 ± 0.4^c
LGR	Sekembang	11.1 ± 0.6^a	16.3 ± 0.1^b	13.6 ± 0.4^c	15.8 ± 0.1^bd	14.7 ± 0.4^d
	Makmur	10.1 ± 0.1^a	15.5 ± 0.1^b	11.1 ± 0.1^c	14.8 ± 0.5^bd	16.1 ± 0.4^be
	MR 103	11.1 ± 0.0^a	15.9 ± 0.3^b	16.2 ± 0.4^b	13.3 ± 0.4^c	16.3 ± 0.6^b
	MR 232	13.6 ± 0.5^a	13.6 ± 0.1^a	12.8 ± 0.5^ab	12.0 ± 0.2^b	12.7 ± 0.4^ab
	Bahagia	13.3 ± 0.2^a	17.4 ± 0.4^b	13.4 ± 0.3^a	13.2 ± 0.4^a	17.9 ± 0.5^b
	Malinja	12.4 ± 0.4^a	17.0 ± 0.4^b	14.0 ± 0.5^c	12.4 ± 0.3^a	15.0 ± 0.4^c
^a–eLetters indicate significant difference at p < 0.05.
Note: Standard deviation (three replicates).
HGR: High GABA rice; MGR: Medium GABA rice; LGR: Low GABA rice.

Table 3 Protein content in brown rice varieties at different pre-germination times

		Pre-germination times (g/100g ± S.D.)
Group	Variety	0	24	48	72	96
HGR	MRQ 74	10.17 ± 0.2^a	11.93 ± 0.4^b	11.80 ± 0.5^b	11.03 ± 0.3^abc	12.27 ± 0.4^bd
	Sekencang	9.89 ± 0.1^a	11.58 ± 0.2^b	12.13 ± 0.5^b	11.66 ± 0.5^b	11.96 ± 0.05^b
	Kadaria	9.82 ± 0.2^a	11.71 ± 0.3^b	11.58 ± 0.3^b	12.22 ± 0.2^b	12.21 ± 0.4^b
	MR 220	8.72 ± 0.2^a	10.89 ± 0.2^b	10.41 ± 0.1^b	10.48 ± 0.0^b	10.69 ± 0.5^b
	MR 123	9.80 ± 0.3^a	12.00 ± 0.3^b	11.78 ± 0.2^b	11.96 ± 0.4^b	12.30 ± 0.5^b
	MR 219	8.55 ± 0.3^a	10.40 ± 0.2^b	10.55 ± 0.3^b	10.52 ± 0.5^b	10.13 ± 0.1^b
MGR	Pulut Siding	8.06 ± 0.2^a	9.99 ± 0.4^b	10.61 ± 0.1^b	10.21 ± 0.1^b	10.60 ± 0.35^b
	Pulut Hitam 9	8.67 ± 0.3^a	10.32 ± 0.1^b	10.82 ± 0.3^b	10.82 ± 0.5^b	11.06 ± 0.2^b
	MRQ50	8.90 ± 0.3^a	11.10 ± 0.5^b	11.17 ± 0.5^b	11.24 ± 0.2^b	10.82 ± 0.3^b
	Manik	7.65 ± 0.0^a	9.34 ± 0.4^b	9.31 ± 0.4^b	9.44 ± 0.2^b	9.04 ± 0.2^b
	MR 84	8.56 ± 0.0^a	10.27 ± 0.3^b	10.20 ± 0.5^b	10.28 ± 0.2^b	10.30 ± 0.3^b
	MR 159	7.63 ± 0.1^a	9.44 ± 0.5^b	9.12 ± 0.5^b	9.53 ± 0.3^b	9.02 ± 0.1^b
LGR	Sekembang	7.38 ± 0.0^a	9.46 ± 0.1^b	9.65 ± 0.5^b	9.99 ± 0.5^b	9.92 ± 0.4^b
	Makmur	7.00 ± 0.0^a	9.01 ± 0.4^b	9.57 ± 0.2^cb	8.60 ± 0.4^db	8.96 ± 0.2^cdb
	MR 103	7.85 ± 0.1^a	9.44 ± 0.4^b	9.57 ± 0.4^b	9.85 ± 0.2^b	9.92 ± 0.3^b
	MR 232	7.62 ± 0.2^a	8.41 ± 0.1^b	8.60 ± 0.1^b	8.33 ± 0.1^b	8.55 ± 0.3^b
	Bahagia	7.87 ± 0.3^a	9.71 ± 0.3^b	9.99 ± 0.3^b	9.88 ± 0.2^b	10.02 ± 0.3^b
	Malinja	8.02 ± 0.4^a	10.21 ± 0.4^b	9.38 ± 0.5^b	9.72 ± 0.5^b	9.98 ± 0.2^b
^a–dLetters indicate significant difference at p < 0.05.
Note: Standard deviation (three replicates).
HGR: High GABA rice; MGR: Medium GABA rice; LGR: Low GABA rice.

Table 4 GABA content in brown rice varieties at different pre-germination times

		Pre-germination times (mg/g of dry wt ± S.D.)
Group	Variety	0	24	48	72	96
HGR	MRQ 74	0.10 ± 0.04^a	0.20 ± 0.02^b	0.44 ± 0.03^c	0.94 ± 0.04^d	1.81 ± 0.06^e
	Sekencang	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.13 ± 0.02^a	0.24 ± 0.04^b	0.57 ± 0.05^c	1.00 ± 0.04^d
	Kadaria	0.05 ± 0.01^a	0.07 ± 0.03^a	0.10 ± 0.04^a	0.28 ± 0.07^b	0.60 ± 0.05^c
	MR 220	0.10 ± 0.03^a	0.15 ± 0.03^a	0.29 ± 0.05^b	0.79 ± 0.04^c	1.18 ± 0.04^d
	MR 123	0.09 ± 0.01^a	0.18 ± 0.04^b	0.30 ± 0.04^c	0.64 ± 0.03^d	1.14 ± 0.02^e
	MR 219	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.12 ± 0.02^a	0.22 ± 0.03^b	0.62 ± 0.05^c	1.20 ± 0.04^d
MGR	Pulut Siding	0.03 ± 0.01^a	0.05 ± 0.03^a	0.11 ± 0.03^a	0.20 ± 0.05^b	0.35 ± 0.04^c
	Pulut Hitam 9	0.06 ± 0.02^a	0.12 ± 0.03^ab	0.20 ± 0.04^b	0.55 ± 0.04^c	0.84 ± 0.04^d
	MRQ50	0.09 ± 0.01^a	0.16 ± 0.04^ab	0.27 ± 0.05^b	0.64 ± 0.05^c	0.97 ± 0.06^d
	Manik	0.05 ± 0.02^a	0.09 ± 0.04^a	0.24 ± 0.05^b	0.50 ± 0.04^c	0.75 ± 0.02^d
	MR 84	0.05 ± 0.01^a	0.10 ± 0.03^a	0.21 ± 0.06^b	0.42 ± 0.05^c	0.80 ± 0.04^d
	MR 159	0.04 ± 0.02^a	0.07 ± 0.02^ab	0.15 ± 0.04^b	0.36 ± 0.04^c	0.66 ± 0.06^d
LGR	Sekembang	0.06 ± 0.02^a	0.11 ± 0.03^a	0.21 ± 0.05^b	0.54 ± 0.04^c	0.85 ± 0.04^d
	Makmur	0.03 ± 0.01^a	0.05 ± 0.02^a	0.09 ± 0.04^a	0.22 ± 0.04^b	0.43 ± 0.04^c
	MR 103	0.02 ± 0.01^a	0.03 ± 0.02^a	0.07 ± 0.02^a	0.20 ± 0.06^b	0.36 ± 0.03^c
	MR 232	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.02 ± 0.02^a	0.03 ± 0.02^a	0.08 ± 0.03^a	0.17 ± 0.04^b
	Bahagia	0.02 ± 0.01^a	0.02 ± 0.01^a	0.04 ± 0.01^a	0.09 ± 0.02^b	0.14 ± 0.01^c
	Malinja	0.02 ± 0.01^a	0.03 ± 0.02^a	0.06 ± 0.01^a	0.11 ± 0.01^b	0.18 ± 0.02^c
Note: Standard deviation (three replicates).
^a–eLetters indicate significant difference at p < 0.05.
HGR: High GABA rice; MGR: Medium GABA rice; LGR: Low GABA rice.