Selected Geometric Characteristics, Hydrodynamic Properties, and Impact Parameters of Quince Fruit (Cydonia vulgaris Pers.)

Figures & data

Figure 1 Three linear dimensions of the fruit on the digital image.

Figure 2 Water column and camera setting.

Figure 3 Test apparatus for impact testing.

Figure 4 Elliptical bruise thickness method for bruise determination.

Table 1 Selected geometric and hydrodynamic properties of two quince varieties

	Ekmek			Eşme
Parameters	Max	Min	Mean	Max	Min	Mean	Significance level
Length (mm)	103.23	85.85	91.25 ± 5.72	97.02	72.63	84.80 ± 7.94	ns
Width (mm)	84.34	73.62	79.62 ± 3.30	89.77	67.80	78.42 ± 6.86	ns
Thickness (mm)	80.86	71.14	76.43 ± 3.40	86.75	66.85	75.33 ± 7.13	ns
Geometric mean diameter (mm)	88.96	76.61	82.17 ± 3.62	90.60	69.05	79.41 ± 7.17	ns
Sphericity	0.94	0.86	0.90 ± 0.03	0.96	0.90	0.94 ± 0.02	*
Mass of fruit (g)	278.30	160.22	224.07 ± 36.53	301.22	131.32	216.34 ± 56.65	ns
Projected area (cm^2)	66.66	47.95	55.37 ± 5.29	63.14	37.38	50.75 ± 8.33	ns
Surface area (cm^2)	248.49	184.29	212.38 ± 18.84	257.75	149.70	199.45 ± 36.21	ns
True density (kg m^−3)	951.30	864.21	901.07 ± 27.51	944.75	873.05	910.11 ± 23.12	ns
Volume (cm^−3)	312.71	184.71	248.87 ± 41.52	339.43	139.00	238.87 ± 66.41	ns
Static coefficient of friction
P	0.37	0.28	0.34 ± 0.03	0.40	0.30	0.34 ± 0.03	ns
C	0.35	0.32	0.34 ± 0.01	0.36	0.32	0.34 ± 0.01	ns
W	0.33	0.32	0.32 ± 0.01	0.37	0.33	0.34 ± 0.01	*
R	0.46	0.39	0.42 ± 0.02	0.50	0.42	0.45 ± 0.02	*
S	0.35	0.30	0.32 ± 0.01	0.31	0.28	0.30 ± 0.01	*
Terminal velocity (ms^−1)	0.31	0.18	0.23 ± 0.04	0.36	0.12	0.27 ± 0.07	ns
Drag coefficient	3.19	0.63	1.70 ± 0.76	3.09	0.51	1.33 ± 0.77	ns
Gravitational force (N)	2.73	1.57	2.20 ± 0.36	2.95	1.29	2.12 ± 0.56	ns
Buoyant force (N)	3.06	1.81	2.44 ± 0.41	3.32	1.36	2.34 ± 0.65	ns
Drag force (N)	0.35	0.10	0.24 ±0.08	0.37	0.07	0.22 ± 0.10	ns
P: plastic; C: corrugated board; W: wood; R: rubber; S: stainless steel.
*1% significant level; ns: no significance.

Figure 5 Relationship between bruise areas and drop heights for quince impacts against different materials: plastic (♦), wood (■), rubber (▲), stainless steel (○), corrugated board (□).

Figure 6 Relationship between bruise volumes and drop heights for quince impacts against different materials: plastic (♦), wood (■), rubber (▲), stainless steel (○), corrugated board (□).

Table 2 The Duncan grouping of coefficient of restitution, absorbed energy, bruise area, and bruise volume for drop heights and counterface materials for Ekmek variety

	e	Eabs (J)	Ab (mm^2)	Vb (mm^3)
Drop height (m)
0.5	0.52^a	0.77^e	490.00^d	3991.62^d
0.4	0.51^a	0.59^d	424.55^d	2696.68^c
0.3	0.51^a	0.41^c	312.10^c	1710.73^b
0.2	0.54^b	0.27^b	224.37^b	999.10^a
0.1	0.56^b	0.12^a	107.09^a	354.84^a
Counterface materials
Plastic	0.52^a	0.48^b	324.28^b	2111.19^b
Corrugated board	0.53^a	0.35^a	172.96^a	884.24^a
Wood	0.53^a	0.39^ab	308.39^b	1991.21^b
Rubber	0.53^a	0.49^b	383.88^b	2271.59^b
Steel	0.52^a	0.44^ab	368.62^b	2494.74^b
Subscript letter indicates statistically significant difference at α = 0.01.

Table 3 The Duncan grouping of coefficient of restitution, absorbed energy, bruise area, and bruise volume for drop heights and counterface materials for Eşme variety

	e	Eabs (J)	Ab (mm^2)	Vb (mm^3)
Drop height (m)
0.5	0.51^a	0.75^e	509.53^d	3908.25^e
0.4	0.52^a	0.59^d	414.38^c	2762.44^d
0.3	0.54^b	0.40^c	309.76^b	1864.68^c
0.2	0.56^c	0.25^b	247.65^b	1013.89^b
0.1	0.61^d	0.11^a	128.32^a	320.67^a
Counterface materials
Plastic	0.54^a	0.40^ab	329.44^ab	2060.71^a
Corrugated board	0.55^ab	0.36^a	261.15^a	1618.57^a
Wood	0.55^ab	0.46^b	329.99^ab	2148.65^a
Rubber	0.56^b	0.41^ab	319.36^ab	1916.80^a
Steel	0.56^b	0.46^b	369.71^b	2125.19^a
Subscript letter indicates statistically significant difference at α = 0.01.

Figure 7 Relationship between coefficient of restitutions and drop heights for quince impacts against different materials: plastic (♦), wood (■), rubber (▲), stainless steel (○), corrugated board (□).

Figure 8 Relationship between absorbed energies and drop heights for quince impacts against different materials: plastic (♦), wood (■), rubber (▲), stainless steel (○), corrugated board (□).

Figure 9 Relationship between absorbed energies and bruise volumes for quince impacts against different materials: plastic (♦), wood (■), rubber (▲), stainless steel (○), corrugated board (□).