Characterization of Potent Aroma Compounds of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis Peruviana L.) Fruits Grown in Antalya Through the Determination of Odor Activity Values

Figures & data

Table 1 Volatile compounds of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)

Peak number	I ^a	Compounds	Concentration^b(mean ± SD)	Identification^c
		Alcohols *
1	1041	Dimethylvinylcarbinol	589.1 ± 21.3	A, B
4	1092	2-Methyl-1-propanol	182.4 ± 17.5	A, B, C
6	1144	1-Butanol	514.3 ± 5.09	A, B, C
11	1206	2-Methyl-1-butanol	470.4 ± 13.54	A, B, C
14	1249	1-Pentanol	8.0 ± 0.62	A, B, C
19	1293	3-Heptanol	2.1 ± 0.25	A, B, C
20	1310	4-Methyl-2-pentanol	2.4 ± 0.19	A, B, C
21	1317	2-Heptanol	10.7 ± 1.03	A, B, C
22	1320	Prenyl alcohol	5.0 ± 1.01	A, B, C
24	1352	1-Hexanol	292.9 ± 15.32	A, B, C
26	1384	Z-3-Hexenol	10.4 ± 0.99	A, B
29	1403	1-Cyclohexanol	9.8 ± 0.85	A, B
30	1406	3-Pentanol	4.7 ± 0.33	A, B, C
34	1454	1-Heptanol	4.2 ± 0.25	A, B, C
37	1489	2-Ethyl hexanol	8.4 ± 1.10	A, B
41	1557	1-Octanol	11.3 ± 0.91	A, B, C
51	1664	2-Furfuryl alcohol	17.6 ± 1.23	A, B
66	1884	Benzyl alcohol	1551.9 ± 54.34	A, B, C
67	1919	2-Phenyl ethanol	88.4 ± 7.04	A, B, C
70	1967	2,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol	72.3 ± 5.24	A, B
73	2054	3-Phenyl-1-propanol	92.3 ± 3.87	A, B
		Subtotal (μg/kg)	3948.7
		Subtotal (%)	43.81
		Lactones **
46	1619	γ-Pentalactone	24.7 ± 1.98	A, B, C
47	1624	ß-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone	5.7 ± 0.44	A, B
55	1714	γ-Hexalactone	1591.2 ± 77.5	A, B, C
68	1928	γ-Octalactone	328.3 ± 17.2	A, B, C
75	2158	γ-Undecalactone	49.3 ± 3.10	A, B, C
81	2368	Actinidiolide	168.8 ± 11.43	A, B
		Subtotal (μg/kg)	2168.1
		Subtotal (%)	24.06
		Esters ***
2	1076	Butyl acetate	19.4 ± 1.12	A, B, C
5	1124	2-Methylbutyl acetate	7.1 ± 0.72	A, B, C
12	1220	Butyl butanoate	8.6 ± 0.88	A, B, C
16	1273	Hexyl acetate	5.7 ± 0.43	A, B, C
27	1390	Methyl octanoate	8.7 ± 0.72	A, B, C
32	1436	Ethyl octanoate	28.8 ± 1.89	A, B, C
36	1484	Methyl 3-hydroxybutanoate	14.1 ± 1.13	A, B
38	1521	Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate	60.0 ± 3.45	A, B
40	1554	Isobutyl octanoate	10.1 ± 0.97	A, B, C
45	1616	Butyl octanoate	27.0 ± 1.80	A, B, C
48	1629	Methyl benzoate	20.9 ± 2.01	A, B
49	1640	Ethyl decanoate	130.2 ± 3.42	A, B, C
50	1645	Isobutyl 3-hydroxybutanoate	11.0 ± 0.95	A, B
52	1683	Ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate	23.6 ± 2.11	A, B, C
54	1709	Butyl 3-hydroxybutanoate	104.3 ± 7.34	A, B
57	1736	Benzyl ethanoate	9.3 ± 0.66	A, B, C
58	1758	Isobutyl decanoate	39.3 ± 2.98	A, B, C
60	1805	Methyl dodecanoate	78.5 ± 6.43	A, B
61	1820	Butyl decanoate	58.6 ± 4.44	A, B, C
62	1846	Ethyl dodecanoate	177.0 ± 10.98	A, B, C
69	1962	Isobutyl dodecanoate	32.4 ± 3.10	A, B
72	2026	Butyl dodecanoate	65.2 ± 4.33	A, B, C
82	2439	Butyl hexadecanoate	116.9 ± 9.25	A, B, C
		Subtotal (μg/kg)	1056.3
		Subtotal (%)	11.72
		Terpenes *
8	1165	β-Myrcene	7.9 ± 4.65	A, B, C
15	1253	β-(Z)-Ocimene	2.8 ± 0.12	A, B
17	1284	α-Terpinolene	13.2 ± 0.97	A, B, C
44	1605	4-Terpineol	128.5 ± 5.67	A, B, C
53	1699	α-Terpineol	160.7 ± 12.34	A, B, C
56	1731	2-Hydroxy-1,8-cineol	63.7 ± 5.87	A, B
59	1767	Citronellol	26.0 ± 1.90	A, B, C
63	1853	Cuminol	358.8 ± 16.7	A, B, C
65	1865	2-Hydroxy cineol	162.5 ± 10.09	A, B, C
71	2000	ß-Ionone epoxide	31.3 ± 2.87	A, B
78	2278	8-ρ-Menthen-1,2-diol	86.0 ± 7.90	A, B
		Subtotal (μg/kg)	1041.3
		Subtotal (%)	11.55
		Acids *
35	1466	Acetic acid	20.2 ± 1.99	A, B, C
42	1580	Isobutanoic acid	7.9 ± 0.67	A, B, C
64	1857	Hexanoic acid	21.8 ± 1.87	A, B, C
74	2072	Octanoic acid	172.0 ± 12.97	A, B, C
76	2177	Nonanoic acid	37.3 ± 2.99	A, B, C
79	2285	Decanoic acid	70.5 ± 4.73	A, B, C
80	2351	Neric acid	45.9 ± 2.69	A, B
83	2491	Benzoic acid	80.0 ± 4.33	A, B, C
		Subtotal (μg/kg)	455.5
		Subtotal (%)	5.05
		Aldehydes *
3	1086	Hexanal	11.9 ± 0.78	A, B, C
10	1188	2-Ethyl hexanal	9.8 ± 0.87	A, B
28	1395	Nonanal	14.9 ± 1.23	A, B, C
39	1530	Benzaldehyde	110.4 ± 8.99	A, B, C
		Subtotal (μg/kg)	147.1
		Subtotal (%)	1.63
		Ketones *
7	1155	3-Heptanone	1.5 ± 0.09	A, B, C
9	1183	2-Heptanone	5.2 ± 0.50	A, B, C
13	1244	3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone	2.5 ± 0.11	A, B
18	1288	3-Hydroxy-2-butanone	26.3 ± 1.87	A, B
23	1339	6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one	4.0 ± 0.31	A, B, C
25	1364	4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone	26.8 ± 1.93	A, B
33	1439	5-Hydroxy-4-octanone	8.1 ± 0.77	A, B, C
43	1597	2,5-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2h)-furanone	72.5 ± 5.69	A, B, C
		Subtotal (μg/kg)	147.0
		Subtotal (%)	1.63
		Miscellaneous *
31	1413	Isooctane	16.7 ± 0.95	A, B
77	2192	3-Ethylphenol	31.6 ± 1.87	A, B
		Subtotal (μg/kg)	48.3
		Subtotal (%)	0.53
		Total (μg/kg)	9012.2
^aRetention index on TRB-Wax column.
^bConcentration in μg/kg of pulp.
^cA: Confirmed by mass spectral data fitting NIST and Wiley libraries; B: identified by retention index and compared with those reported in the literature; C: peak enrichment on co-injection with authentic reference compounds.
*Quantified with 4-nonanol.
**Quantified with γ-valerolactone.
***Quantified with cyclohexyl butanoate.

Table 2 Odor descriptors, odor thresholds, and odor activity values of aroma active compounds in cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)

Peak number	Compound	Odor descriptors^a	OT^b	OAV^c
68	γ-Octalactone	Fruity, peach, apricot	7	46.9
55	γ-Hexalactone	Sweet, creamy, coconut-like	260	6.1
32	Ethyl octanoate	Ripe fruit, sweet, pear	5	5.8
9	2-Heptanone	Cheese, fruity, ketonic	1	5.2
28	Nonanal	Waxy, aldehydic, citrus	4	4.3
3	Hexanal	Green, fatty, leafy	5	2.7
59	Citronellol	Floral, rosey, citrusy	11	2.4
11	2-Methyl-1-butanol	Sweet, floral, fruity	300	1.6
66	Benzyl alcohol	Sweet, floral, fruity	1000	1.6
67	2-Phenyl ethanol	Sweet, floral, rosey	60	1.5
34	1-Heptanol	Musty, herbal, woody	3	1.4
49	Ethyl decanoate	Sweet, waxy, fruity	122	1.1
6	1-Butanol	Sweet, floral, fruity	500	1.0
^aOdor descriptors from the Leffingwell web page (http://www.leffingwell.com).
^bOdor thresholds in water (ppb) from the literature.[15, 16]
^cOdor activity values (OAV) were calculated by dividing the concentration by the odor thresholds. Note that only compounds with OAV greater than 1 are reported here.

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