Inhibition of Fluorescent Advanced Glycation End-Products and N-Carboxymethyllysine Formation by Several Floral Herbal Infusions

Figures & data

Table 1  Total amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoid in flower-based herbal infusions and their ORAC

Common name	Botanical name	Phenolic (g GAEs/L)	Flavonoid (g CEs/L)	ORAC (mmole TEs/L)
Calendula	Calendula officinalis	0.67 ± 0.01^ef	0.14 ± 0.01^g	177 ± 17^g
Chamomile	Matricaria recutitai	0.53 ± 0.02^g	0.20 ± 0.02^ef	298 ± 20^d
Chrysanthemum	Chrysanthemum morifolium	0.50 ± 0.02^g	0.35 ± 0.01^c	209 ± 8^f
Cornflower	Centaurea cyanus	0.62 ± 0.03^f	0.16 ± 0.01^fg	192 ± 6^fg
Jasmine	Jasminum sambac	0.73 ± 0.05^de	0.24 ± 0.01^e	268 ± 5^e
Lavender	Lavandula angustifolia	0.78 ± 0.01^d	0.54 ± 0.01^b	276 ± 16^de
Neroli	Citrus aurantium	0.86 ± 0.07^c	0.20 ± 0.02^f	352 ± 21^c
Rose	Rosa rugosa	2.75 ± 0.02^a	0.29 ± 0.01^d	422 ± 8^b
Sweet Osmanthus	Osmanthus fragrans Lour	2.13 ± 0.05^b	3.56 ± 0.06^a	634 ± 8^a
The values are expressed as means ± SD of triplicate tests. Means not sharing a common letter in the same column were significantly different (p < 0.05) when analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 2  Metal chelating capacity of un-diluted, two- and four-fold diluted flower-based herbal infusions

	Chelating capacity (%)
Common name	Un-diluted	2 ×	4 ×
Calendula	17.1 ± 0.9^d	5.5 ± 0.6^e	−1.8 ± 3.0^c
Chamomile	17.6 ± 1.1^d	10.1 ± 5.2^cde	5.9 ± 4.1^ab
Chrysanthemum	31.7 ± 9.0^bc	14.9 ± 1.8^bc	7.3 ± 0.9^ab
Cornflower	11.8 ± 2.2^d	9.9 ± 1.7^cde	5.0 ± 2.3^ab
Jasmine	61.9 ± 7.2^a	23.1 ± 2.2^a	9.4 ± 4.8^a
Lavender	36.1 ± 6.1^bc	11.5 ± 6.0^bcd	5.0 ± 1.8^ab
Neroli	38.1 ± 4.5^b	16.1 ± 0.5^b	7.1 ± 0.9^ab
Rose	28.1 ± 2.1^c	9.1 ± 0.8^de	1.0 ± 3.0^bc
Sweet Osmanthus	10.0 ± 1.3^d	6.0 ± 0.6^de	−3.0 ± 5.5^c
	1 mM	0.1 mM	0.05 mM
EDTA	100.0 ± 0.1	91.0 ± 8.4	55.9 ± 1.7
The values are expressed as means ± SD of triplicate tests. Means not sharing a common letter in the same column were significantly different (p < 0.05) when analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 3  Inhibitory capacity of 10-, 20-, and 40-fold diluted herbal infusions on the fluorescent AGEs formation in a BSA/glucose or in a BSA/methylglyoxal system

	Inhibitory rate (%) in BSA/glucose system			Inhibitory rate (%) in BSA/methylglyoxal system
Common name	10 ×	20 ×	40 ×	10 ×	20 ×	40 ×
Calendula	57.4 ± 4.1^bc	44.9 ± 8.9^de	17.8 ± 2.7^d	52.4 ± 0.1^d	23.5 ± 0.3^d	17.0 ± 1.4^b
Chamomile	66.8 ± 7.8^b	45.9 ± 2.4^d	26.4 ± 7.5^cd	41.6 ± 1.8^g	14.0 ± 0.9^f	10.1 ± 0.7^de
Chrysanthemum	52.8 ± 5.2^c	31.6 ± 2.5^f	19.4 ± 3.1^d	47.0 ± 1.4^f	15.3 ± 0.3^f	9.5 ± 0.6^e
Cornflower	66.1 ± 4.8^b	42.8 ± 9.1^de	19.9 ± 2.8^d	46.4 ± 1.2^f	20.4 ± 1.2^e	10.7 ± 0.8^de
Jasmine	56.9 ± 5.0^bc	32.5 ± 3.9^f	17.1 ± 3.9^d	45.2 ± 0.6^f	20.0 ± 1.1^e	13.9 ± 0.9^c
Lavender	86.5 ± 9.6^a	55.9 ± 6.0^c	34.9 ± 7.7^bc	60.7 ± 1.5^c	24.3 ± 0.4^cd	11.2 ± 1.1^d
Neroli	64.2 ± 6.4^b	35.2 ± 4.3^ef	17.1 ± 5.2^d	49.4 ± 0.3^e	25.4 ± 0.8^c	10.9 ± 0.4^de
Rose	86.2 ± 3.3^a	66.4 ± 4.8^b	36.8 ± 1.9^b	79.1 ± 0.4^b	44.7 ± 1.8^b	18.2 ± 1.0^b
Sweet Osmanthus	94.6 ± 2.3^a	83.7 ± 2.9^a	57.8 ± 9.2^a	93.0 ± 0.4^a	68.2 ± 1.0^a	38.6 ± 0.1^a
				2 mM	1 mM	0.5 mM
Aminoguanidine				107.4 ± 5.8	106.8 ± 0.6	86.0 ± 2.0
The values are expressed as means ± SD of triplicate tests. Means not sharing a common letter in the same column were significantly different (p < 0.05) when analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.

Figure 1 Effect of flower infusions on the formation of CML in an in vitro BSA/glucose system. The levels of CML were determined by immunoblotting and normalized to total proteins, as described in the Materials and Methods section. (Color figure available online.)