Indian Grape Wines: A Potential Source of Phenols, Polyphenols, and Antioxidants

Figures & data

Table 1 Indian wines collected from different vineyards and their harvesting period

Vineyards	Location	Grape variety	Harvesting period
Nasik vineyards	Nasik	Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz	January–March
(Sula vineyards)
Chateau Indage	Narayangao (Pune-Nasik)	Chardonnay, Ugni Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, Arkesham, Arkavati	February
Grover vineyards	Nandi Hills (Karnataka)	Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Clairette	April

Table 2 Estimation of pH, alcohol content by potassium dichromate, reducing sugars by DNSA method, polyphenols, and resveratrol concentration by RP-HPLC and UHPLC analysis

	Wine samples
Parameters studied	P1	P2	P3	P4	R1	R2	R3	R4	W1	W2	W3	W4
pH	3.56	3.78	3.72	3.77	3.81	3.68	3.68	3.39	3.22	3.36	3.4	3.05
Alcohol content (% v/v)	16.64	16.64	16.64	16.64	13.2	13.2	13.25	11.4	13.2	11.48	13.2	13.2
Reducing sugars (mg/ml)	16.58 ± 0.01	9.11 ± 0.03	3.14 ± 0.01	7.23 ± 0.03	3.47 ± 0.02	3.07 ± 0.03	2.99 ± 0.02	3.62 ± 0.01	3.58 ± 0.0	2.62 ± 0.0	2.8 ± 0.0	3.3 ± 0.01
Tannic acid (ppm)	46.038	83.852	73.659	65.403	56.544	72.099	64.438	36.43	48.013	47.137	46.99	54.294
Catechol (ppm)	—	11.29	—	6.755	5.064	5.373	5.025	3.581	2.286	0.767	—	—
Vanillin (ppm)	0.195	2.56	1.664	—	15.864	9.607	5.268	3.332	—	0.113	0.794	0.818
Caeffic acid (ppm)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.538	1.181	—
Ferullic acid (ppm)	—	23.204	—	12.256	—	—	—	—	0.595	—	—	—
Resveratrol (ppm)	—	—	—	—	0.05	—	—	—	—	0.09	0.08	0.07
Values represent mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three different experiments.

Figure 1 Concentration of total phenolic compounds (mg/ml) in Indian wines.

Figure 2 Percent (%) DPPH scavenging activity of the wine samples analyzed.

Table 3 Effect of various wine samples on rat liver mitochondria for lipid peroxidation and percent protection

Wine samples	Control	Damage	P1	P2	R1	R2	W1	W3
TBARS (nmoles/mg protein)	1.35 ± 0	23.89 ± 0.31	13.34 ± 0.18	12.8 ± 0	16.92 ± 0.2	17.7 ± 0	8.7 ± 0.58	9.82 ± 0.28
% Protection	—	—	44.23	46.49	29.27	26.01	63.47	58.91
Values represent mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three different experiments.

Figure 3 HPLC analysis: HPLC chromatogram of standard, separated on C18 column, Hypersil (USA) (Revere phase column 15 cm; particle size 5 μm) using gradient elution–acetic acid and methanol at a total flow rate of 0.75 ml/min. The chromatograms at 280 nm were analyzed and compared. Standard for resveratrol by UHPLC instrument. (Color figure available online.)