Impact of Milk Derived β-Casomorphins on Physiological Functions and Trends in Research: A Review

Figures & data

Figure 1 A1 and A2 “like” variants of β-casein.

Figure 2 Release of BCM-7 from A1 variant of β-casein.

Table 1 Absorption and transport of BCMs

Peptides/ molecules	Model	Transfer	References
BCM-5	Human infants	Yes	[42]
BCM-immunoreactive substance	Human infants	Yes	[41]
BCM-7 or -5	Caco-2	Yes	[45,46]
BCM-4-NH2 (Morphiceptin)	Ussing Chambers	No (in absence of DPPIV) Yes (in presence of DPPIV)	[43]
Casein-based formulae	In vivo (dog pup plasma)	Yes (irBCM)	[40]
Milk intake	In vivo (new born calves)	Yes (irBCM)	[39]

Table 2  Beneficial effects of BCM-7 and -5

Peptides	Beneficial effects	References
BCM-7	Protective effect pronounced by decreasing oxidative stress and NF-Kb-iNOS-NO signal pathway in pancreas of diabetic rats	[47]
BCM-7	Protective and preventive effect against diabetes and oxidative stress, improves glycometabolism	[6]
BCM7	Ex-vivo activation (DNA synthesis) of proliferative processes in the myocardium and ectodermal and endodermal epithelium of newborn rats	[50]
BCM-7	Aids in gastric motility by expression of gastrin	[9]
BCM-7	Development of digestive tract	[52]
BCM-7	Increasing growth related hormones and growth hormone receptor mRNA expression	[53]
BCM-7,4,3,6	Modulation of intestinal mucus discharge, defense against noxious agents	[7]
BCM-7	Attenuated manifestations of defensive motivation Accelaration of learning of a food-procuring habit in a T-maze	[49]
BCM-7	Analgesic role	[48]
BCM-7, 4	Influence post prandial metabolism	[51]
BCM-7	Increase prolactin levels in serum	[8]
BCM-5	Improves the disturbance of learning and memory in mice	[57]
BCM-5	Induces amnesia at high dose and ameliorates at low dose	[58]
BCM-5	Cardioprotective function	[55]
BCM-4,5,7	Reduced separation induced distress vocalizations (DVs)	[56]

Figure 3 Immunological roles of BCMs on different cells.

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