Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Persimmon Peel Extracted with Different Levels of Ethanol

Figures & data

Table 1  Total phenol and flavonoid content of persimmon peel extracts (PPE) by different levels of ethanol

Solvent	Extraction yield (%)	Total phenols*	Total flavonoids**
0% EtOH (DW)	33.51 ± 2.01^C	2.30 ± 0.26^D	43.55 ± 1.02^D
50% EtOH	43.57 ± 1.83^B	11.08 ± 0.38^B	105.21 ± 1.50^B
70% EtOH	47.42 ± 1.55^A	12.39 ± 0.47^A	117.02 ± 0.57^A
99% EtOH	44.33 ± 1.37^B	9.22 ± 0.35^C	95.04 ± 0.98^C

All values are mean ± standard deviation of six replicates.

^A-DMeans within columns with different superscript letters^(B,C) are significantly different (P < 0.05).

* Total phenol: Folin-Ciocalteu, in mg of gallic acid eq. per gram of dried extract.

** Total flavonoids: AlCl3 method, in mg of kaempferol eq. per gram of dried extract.

Table 2  IC₅₀ of DPPH radical scavenging activity (ppm), EC₅₀ of reducing power (mg/ml), and β-carotene bleaching inhibition activity (%) of persimmon peel extracts by different levels of ethanol

Solvent	DPPH (IC50) (ppm)	Reducing power (EC50)(mg/ml)	β-Carotene bleaching inhibition activity (%)
0% EtOH (DW)	981.1 ± 6.5^A	0.68 ± 0.03^A	88.17 ± 1.44^B
50% EtOH	337.4 ± 6.2^C	0.23 ± 0.01^C	88.90 ± 2.15^B
70% EtOH	243.7 ± 3.8^D	0.19 ± 0.01^D	91.26 ± 1.49^A
99% EtOH	804.9 ± 9.4^B	0.36 ± 0.02^B	88.62 ± 1.57^B

All values are mean ± standard deviation of six replicates.

^A–DMeans within columns with different superscript letters^(B,C) are significantly different (P < 0.05).

* Total phenol: Folin-Ciocalteu, in mg of gallic acid eq. per gram of dried extract.

** Total flavonoids: AlCl₃ method, in mg of kaempferol eq. per gram of dried extract.

Figure 1  DPPH radical scavenging activity of PPE by different levels of ethanol. (◆) DW: PPE by DW, (•) 50%: PPE by 50% ethanol, (▪) 70%: PPE by 70% ethanol, and (▲) 99%: PPE by 99% ethanol.

Table 3  Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of persimmon peel extracts by various levels of ethanol

	SOD-like activity (%)
Solvent	100 ppm	250 ppm	500 ppm	750 ppm	1000 ppm
0% EtOH (DW)	0.95 ± 0.38^E	4.56 ± 0.44^D	8.56 ± 0.38^C	13.31 ± 0.62^B	20.91 ± 0.62^A
50% EtOH	6.08 ± 0.44^E	10.46 ± 0.73^D	15.59 ± 0.62^C	20.72 ± 0.73^B	37.64 ± 0.62^A
70% EtOH	12.17 ± 0.76^E	19.20 ± 0.73^D	27.76 ± 2.63^C	38.21 ± 0.73^B	48.67 ± 0.44^A
99% EtOH	2.66 ± 0.62^E	6.08 ± 0.44^D	11.03 ± 0.62^C	17.68 ± 0.73^B	33.27 ± 0.38^A

All values are mean ± standard deviation of four replicates.

^A-E Means within columns with different superscript letters^(B,C,D) are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Figure 2  Reducing power of PPE by different levels of ethanol. (◆) DW: PPE by DW, (•) 50%: PPE by 50% ethanol, (▪) 70%: PPE by 70% ethanol, and (▲) 99%: PPE by 99% ethanol.

Table 4  Correlation coefficients, R, for relationships between antioxidant activity assays for the extracts of persimmon peel (PPE) (n = 48)

	Total phenol content	Total flavonoid content
DPPH (IC50)	−0.8218**	−0.8719**
Reducing power (IC50)	−0.9259**	−0.9924**
Total flavonoid content	0.9242**	−

** P < 0.001.