Granule Size and Distribution of Raw and Germinated Oat Starch in Solid State and Ethanol Solution

Figures & data

FIGURE 1 Scanning electron microscopy photos of starches isolated from raw and germinated oat.

TABLE 1 The crystal properties of starches from raw and germinated oat by X-ray diffraction patterns

	2-Theta (°)	d(A) nm	Peak height	FWHM	Crystallinity (%)
Raw	15.182	5.831	589	0.196	13.01 ± 0.13
	17.858	4.9628	702	0.222
	18.080	4.9023	640	0.340
	22.918	3.8773	919	0.283
Soaked	15.142	5.8463	866	0.306	8.81 ± 0.22
	17.842	4.9671	482	0.232
	18.141	4.8861	738	0.069
	22.843	3.8898	781	0.249
24 h	14.938	5.9259	953	0.320	14.59 ± 0.18
	16.995	5.213	654	0.106
	17.923	4.945	392	0.116
	19.994	4.4372	282	0.129
	22.921	3.8768	727	0.192
48 h	15.121	5.8544	807	0.204	11.50 ± 0.18
	17.101	5.1807	488	0.146
	18.095	4.8985	514	0.093
	19.815	4.4769	478	0.154
	22.918	3.8772	994	0.216
72 h	14.920	5.9329	844	0.248	15.78 ± 0.11
	17.064	5.1918	636	0.068
	17.903	4.9504	692	0.197
	19.933	4.4507	369	0.133
	23.180	3.834	617	0.291
96 h	15.125	5.8529	737	0.284	13.66 ± 0.31
	16.963	5.2225	884	0.093
	18.278	4.8496	290	0.236
	19.811	4.4778	435	0.121
	23.222	3.8272	628	0.186
120 h	14.922	5.9319	818	0.229	11.72 ± 0.10
	17.040	5.1991	939	0.193
	17.618	5.0298	590	0.115
	19.962	4.4443	281	0.054
	23.084	3.8497	726	0.185
144 h	14.841	5.9641	708	0.300	15.98 ± 0.38
	17.010	5.2082	491	0.067
	17.621	5.0291	478	0.255
	18.161	4.8807	533	0.139
	22.997	3.8642	698	0.243

The FWHM means full width at half maximum.

FIGURE 2 X-ray diffraction patterns of starches isolated from raw and germinated oat.

FIGURE 2 X-ray diffraction patterns of starches isolated from raw and germinated oat.

FIGURE 3 Effects of ethanol concentration on granule size distribution of starches isolated from raw and germinated oat.

TABLE 2 Granules Characterization of oat starches in different concentration of ethanol*

Ethanol concentration (V/V)	Samples (raw or malted time)	Volume average diameter (μm)	Area average diameter (μm)	Specific surface area (m^2/kg)	D25 (μm)	D50 (μm)	D75 (μm)
30%	raw	19.02 ± 0.76^ab	12.39 ± 0.50^a	179.21 ± 7.17^a	11.13 ± 0.45^a	17.63 ± 0.71^ab	25.44 ± 1.02^a
	soaked	17.07 ± 0.34^c	11.42 ± 0.23^b	194.51 ± 3.89^ab	10.17 ± 0.20^bc	15.91 ± 0.32^c	22.73 ± 0.43^bc
	24	18.07 ± 0.90^bc	11.17 ± 0.56^b	198.94 ± 9.95^b	10.15 ± 0.51^bc	16.53 ± 0.83^bc	24.37 ± 1.20^ab
	48	17.06 ± 0.51^c	11.47 ± 0.34^b	193.67 ± 5.81^ab	10.22 ± 0.31^bc	15.93 ± 0.49^c	22.69 ± 0.71^bc
	72	20.15 ± 0.81^a	11.83 ± 0.47^ab	187.74 ± 7.51^ab	10.86 ± 0.43^ab	18.17 ± 0.71^a	27.35 ± 1.28^d
	96	16.96 ± 0.68^c	11.02 ± 0.44^b	201.54 ± 8.06^b	9.88 ± 0.41^c	15.70 ± 0.62^c	22.70 ± 0.91^bc
	120	13.46 ± 0.81^d	8.60 ± 0.52^c	258.30 ± 15.50^c	7.77 ± 0.47^d	12.42 ± 0.75^d	18.06 ± 1.29^e
	144	15.48 ± 0.93^e	9.03 ± 0.54^c	246.01 ± 14.76^c	8.25 ± 0.52^d	13.90 ± 0.88^e	21.02 ± 1.45^c
50%	raw	22.43 ± 1.35^a	15.87 ± 0.95^a	139.98 ± 8.40^a	14.04 ± 0.84^a	21.21 ± 1.22^a	29.48 ± 1.75^a
	soaked	17.16 ± 0.86^b	13.41 ± 0.67^b	165.69 ± 8.28^b	11.72 ± 0.59^b	16.65 ± 0.83^b	22.07 ± 1.13^b
	24	20.72 ± 0.62^c	14.81 ± 0.44^ac	150.03 ± 4.50^ac	13.13 ± 0.39^ac	19.68 ± 0.56^c	27.20 ± 0.82^c
	48	21.25 ± 0.85^ac	14.16 ± 0.57^bc	156.92 ± 6.28^bc	12.62 ± 0.50^bc	19.78 ± 0.77^ac	28.31 ± 1.32^ac
	72	16.84 ± 0.34^b	11.84 ± 0.24^d	187.57 ± 3.75^d	10.49 ± 0.21^d	15.92 ± 0.38^b	22.21 ± 0.56^b
	96	20.87 ± 1.25^ac	13.27 ± 0.80^b	167.43 ± 10.05^b	11.99 ± 0.72^b	19.23 ± 0.95^c	28.02 ± 1.77^ac
	120	No detected
	144	14.68 ± 0.15^c	9.40 ± 0.09^e	236.28 ± 3.26^e	8.48 ± 0.12^e	13.54 ± 0.19^d	19.68 ± 0.47^d
70%	raw	35.03 ± 0.35^a	26.55 ± 0.27^a	83.69 ± 2.84^a	23.36 ± 0.32^a	33.76 ± 0.37^a	46.26 ± 1.66^a
	soaked	38.50 ± 1.97^b	30.45 ± 1.61^b	72.95 ± 1.46^b	26.61 ± 1.53^b	37.44 ± 1.75^b	49.14 ± 2.92^bc
	24	35.80 ± 1.07^a	27.58 ± 0.83^a	80.56 ± 2.42^a	24.18 ± 0.72^a	34.61 ± 1.14^ac	46.10 ± 1.33^a
	48	35.67 ± 2.14^a	27.92 ± 1.68^a	79.56 ± 4.77^a	24.52 ± 1.47^a	34.63 ± 2.01^ac	46.63 ± 2.14^ac
	72	38.41 ± 1.15^b	27.35 ± 0.82^a	81.23 ± 2.44^a	24.20 ± 0.95^a	36.41 ± 1.05^bc	50.41 ± 3.55^b
	96	29.86 ± 1.49^c	20.85 ± 1.04^c	106.53 ± 5.33^c	18.51 ± 0.75^c	28.17 ± 1.41^d	39.35 ± 1.89^d
	120	25.80 ± 0.52^d	19.02 ± 0.38^d	116.78 ± 2.34^d	16.69 ± 0.33^d	24.63 ± 0.49^e	33.65 ± 1.44^e
	144	24.82 ± 0.25^d	17.45 ± 0.17^e	127.28 ± 2.27^e	15.42 ± 0.18^d	23.42 ± 0.35^e	32.67 ± 1.37^e
90%	raw	20.75 ± 0.62^a	13.51 ± 0.41^a	164.37 ± 4.93^a	12.11 ± 0.39^a	19.21 ± 0.58^a	27.77 ± 0.89^a
	soaked	16.84 ± 0.34^b	11.66 ± 0.23^b	190.50 ± 3.81^b	10.40 ± 0.24^b	15.89 ± 0.32^b	22.27 ± 0.65^b
	24	19.39 ± 0.58^cd	13.29 ± 0.40^a	167.15 ± 5.01^a	11.78 ± 0.35^a	18.18 ± 0.55^a	25.67 ± 0.77^cd
	48	19.79 ± 0.79^ac	13.77 ± 0.55^a	161.37 ± 6.45^a	12.24 ± 0.59^a	18.65 ± 0.75^a	26.07 ± 1.08^d
	72	20.64 ± 1.03^a	13.56 ± 0.68^a	163.80 ± 8.19^a	12.16 ± 0.64^a	19.16 ± 0.92^a	27.55 ± 1.38^a
	96	18.47 ± 0.55^de	11.75 ± 0.35^b	189.02 ± 5.67^b	10.61 ± 0.32^b	17.02 ± 0.51^c	24.80 ± 0.72^cd
	120	17.21 ± 0.17^b	10.72 ± 0.11^c	207.13 ± 2.07^c	9.71 ± 0.11^c	15.76 ± 0.23^b	23.14 ± 0.49^be
	144	17.96 ± 0.54^be	11.10 ± 0.33^bc	200.09 ± 5.89^c	10.09 ± 0.31^bc	16.43 ± 0.59^bc	24.21 ± 0.71^ce

*In each concentration group, values with similar superscripts column do not differ significantly (p < 0.05);

D25, D50, and D75 means the maximum diameter when the cumulative percentage of granular distribution reaches 20, 50, and 75%, respectively.