Aromatic Compounds and Soluble Carbohydrate Profiles of Different Varieties of Tunisian Raisin (Vitis Vinifera L.)

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Composition of volatiles (%) extracted by head space micro extraction of Tunisian dried raisins

Constituents	l.r.i. apolar	l.r.i. polar	Chriha	Raseki	Assli	Meski
δ-3-carene	1013	1144	–	–	3.0	–
γ-terpinene	1063	1246	2.1	–	12.5	2.0
Monoterpene hydrocarbons			2.1	–	15.5	2.0
cis-linalool oxide (furanoid)	1077	1435	–	–	–	5.3
trans-linalool oxide (furanoid)	1091	1454	–	–	–	2.0
linalool	1101	1560	–	–	7.8	4.3
cis-linalool oxide (pyranoid)	1174	1730	–	–	–	4.6
trans-linalool oxide (pyranoid)	1177	1756	–	–	–	4.1
2.6-dimethyl-3.7-octadien-2.6-diol	1190	1948	–	–	–	5.5
cumin aldehyde	1241	1765	–	–	3.0	–
carvone	1244	1742	2.5	–	6.0	0.5
Oxygenated monoterpenes			2.5	–	16.7	26.4
β-caryophyllene	1419	1598	–	–	3.6	0.7
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons			–	–	3.6	0.7
(E)-geranylacetone	1455	1842	3.0	8.8	7.2	6.1
allyl ionone 2	1712	2011	14.0	16.6	–	–
allyl ionone 3	1718	2140	3.9	–	–	–
allyl ionone 4	1760	2196	2.5	–	–	–
Apocarotenoids			23.4	25.5	7.2	6.1
methyl chavicol	1197	1682	–	5.5	–	–
(E)-anethole	1285	1816	3.2	9.5	3.6	–
Phenylpropanoids			3.2	15.0	3.6	–
ethyl acetate	613	899	–	–	–	11.2
2.3-butanediol	785	1555	–	8.0	–	16.5
benzaldehyde	963	1493	–	5.8	13.1	–
1-octen-3-ol	980	1390	–	–	–	2.8
hexanoic acid	984	1850	–	–	–	0.5
6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one	987	1340	–	5.8	9.6	3.3
2-pentyl furan	994	1241	–	–	–	4.2
(E.Z)-2.4-heptadienal	994	1351	–	5.1	–	–
octanal	1002	1277	–	–	–	1.4
3-octen-2-one	1044	1413	–	–	–	1.3
pineapple ketone (=4-hydroxy-2.5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone)	1079	2030	9.2	–	–	–
phenylethyl alcohol	1112	1910	–	–	–	9.6
ethyl octanoate	1197	1436	–	–	–	0.7
decanal	1206	1481	–	–	–	5.4
nonanoic acid	1276	2204	2.8	–	–	–
ethyl decanoate	1396	1638	–	–	–	0.5
1-tetradecanol	1675	2175	3.4	–	–	–
2-pentadecanol	1703	2126	8.9	–	–	–
Oxygenated non-terpene derivatives			24.3	24.7	22.7	57.5
n-tridecane	1300	1300	2.3	–	4.8	0.5
1-tetradecene	1393	1386	3.4	–	4.2	–
n-tetradecane	1400	1400	7.6	4.3	7.8	1.1
n-pentadecane	1500	1500	11.9	4.9	6.0	0.8
n-hexadecane	1600	1600	6.4	8.2	3.6	0.5
n-heptadecane	1700	1700	4.3	8.0	–	–
Non-terpene derivatives hydrocarbons			35.8	25.5	26.3	2.9
Total identified			91.3	90.6	95.5	95.4

–: not detected.

FIGURE 1 Volatile compounds chromatograms obtained from headspace micro extraction of four varieties of dried raisins (A [Chriha], B [Razeki], C [Assli] and D [Meski]).

FIGURE 2 Oxygenated non-terpene derivatives composition (%) according to compound group of the volatiles obtained from headspace micro extraction of four varieties of dried raisins.

TABLE 2 Carbohydrates profiles of Tunisian dried raisins (mg/kg)

	Chriha	Raseki	Assli	Meski
Monosaccharides
Arabinose	101.5 ± 4.4^c	253.2 ± 11.0^a	127.8 ± 3.4^b	131.6 ± 6.1^b
Rhamnose	18.8 ± 1.5^b	43.1 ± 4.2^a	18.6 ± 0.6^b	11.1 ± 1.0^c
Xylose	288.1 ± 23.0^b	501.2 ± 52.0^a	168.3 ± 17.0^c	319 ± 40.0^b
Mannose	81.8 ± 4.5^c	145.7 ± 7.7^b	95.5 ± 6.2^c	361.6 ± 23.0^a
Fructose	373.2 ± 41.0^c	899.2 ± 57.0^a	442.1 ± 36.0^c	651.6 ± 33.0^b
Galactose	715.3 ± 68.0^c	1523.6 ± 115.0^a	729.1 ± 22.0^c	950.5 ± 50.0^b
Glucose	1407.6 ± 137.0^c	4692.6 ± 254.0^a	1976.5 ± 71.0^b	2028.6 ± 147.0^b
Polyols
Mannitol	21.2 ± 3.2^b	6.6 ± 1.5^c	40.4 ± 2.6a	17.9 ± 1.4^b
Sorbitol	281.6 ± 26.0^b	587.3 ± 52.0^a	246.9 ± 26.0b	262.2 ± 25.0^b
Inositol	15.4 ± 1.9^c	62.9 ± 5.0^a	22.1 ± 2.1b	28.5 ± 2.1^b
Adonitol	4.2 ± 0.6^d	14.5 ± 1.6^c	90.4 ± 6.4a	20.7 ± 3.0^b
Polysaccharides
Sucrose	117.0 ± 10.0^b	178.3 ± 9.7^a	99.3 ± 10.0^b	23.4 ± 2.9^c
Trehalose	73.1 ± 5.5^b	103.5 ± 5.7^a	67.5 ± 6.1^b	39.9 ± 4.1^c
Raffinose	2.6 ± 0.5^b	5.7 ± 0.8^a	1.2 ± 0.1^b	5.04 ± 0.9^a
Total monosaccharides	2986.5 ± 210.1^d	8058.4 ± 502.0^a	3558.0 ± 79.8^c	4454.0 ± 185.7^b
Total polyols	322.5 ± 22 .7^c	671.3 ± 45.1^a	399.8 ± 27.4^b	329.4 ± 21.6^c
Total polysaccharides	192.7 ± 12.8^b	287.5 ± 11.05^a	168.07 ± 11.2^b	68.46 ± 5.6^c
Total carbohydrates	3501.4 ± 237.2^c	9017.6 ± 553.8^a	4126.0 ± 113.6^b	3852.0 ± 205.6^b

Each value is expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3);

Means with different small letters within a raw are significantly different (p < 0.05).

FIGURE 3 Principal component analysis (scores and loading plots, Biplot) applied to the dataset of volatile compounds and carbohydrates profiles of 4 varieties of dried. MH: monoterpene hydrocarbons; OM: oxygenated monoterpenes; SH: sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons; AP: apocarotenoids; PH: phenylpropanoids; ONTD: oxygenated non-terpene derivatives; ALC: alcohols; ALD: aldehydes; ES: esters; K: ketones; AC: acids; and NTH: non-terpene derivatives hydrocarbons. Arab: arabinose; rham: rhamnose; adon: adonitol; xylo: xylose; manno: mannose; fruc: fructose; gala: galactose; gluc: glucose; manni: mannitol; sorb: sorbitol; inos: inositol; sucr: sucrose; treh: trehalose; raff: raffinose.