Shrinkage of Mirabelle Plum during Hot Air Drying as Influenced by Ultrasound-Assisted Osmotic Dehydration

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Abbreviations utilized for different treatments

Abbreviation	U*	B**	T***
Control	0	0	0
U10-B50-T60	10	50	60
U10-B70-T60	10	70	60
U30-B50-T60	30	50	60
U30-B70-T60	30	70	60
U10-B50-T120	10	50	120
U10-B70-T120	10	70	120
U30-B50-T120	30	50	120
U30-B70-T120	30	70	120
U10-B50-T180	10	50	180
U10-B70-T180	10	70	180
U30-B50-T180	30	50	180
U30-B70-T180	30	70	180
U10-B50-T240	10	50	240
U10-B70-T240	10	70	240
U30-B50-T240	30	50	240
U30-B70-T240	30	70	240

*U: Ultrasonication time at 40 kHz (min); **B: Osmotic solution concentration (Brix) [Sucrose in water (% w/w)];

***T: Immersion time (min).

TABLE 2 Drying time, moisture content and shrinkage of different samples (Table 1) until reaching an average moisture content of 0.57 g water/g dry matter pretreated at four immersion times in osmotic solution: (a) 60 min; (b) 120 min; (c) 180 min; and (d) 240 min

(A)
Treatment	Time (min)	MC (g water/g dry matter)	Shrinkage (%)
Control	0	4.54 ± 0.06	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	120	2.96 ± 0.04	22.18^ζηθι ± 2.22
	240	2.03 ± 0.12	45.71^uvwxy ± 5.96
	360	1.41 ± 0.07	65.52^fghijkl ± 2.44
	480	0.96 ± 0.09	75.49^a ± 5.43
	625	0.57 ± 0.01	76.41^a ± 1.36
U10-B50-T60	0	4.50 ± 0.04	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	130	2.88 ± 0.10	20.89^ηθικ ± 1.71
	230	2.11 ± 0.09	44.02^vwxy ± 2.10
	350	1.42 ± 0.07	63.12^hijklmn ± 2.75
	480	0.90 ± 0.04	73.95^abcd ± 4.18
	565	0.60 ± 0.03	76.05^a ± 1.42
U30-B50-T60	0	3.98 ± 0.03	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	70	2.85 ± 0.06	17.33^θικλμ ± 1.88
	150	2.08 ± 0.06	35.76^zαβγδ ± 4.28
	250	1.40 ± 0.03	52.16^qrstu ± 0.55
	350	0.91 ± 0.03	63.44^hijklmn ± 3.26
	500	0.55 ± 0.00	68.99^abcdefghij ± 3.74
U10-B70-T60	0	4.41 ± 0.06	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	120	2.88 ± 0.02	18.78^θικλ ± 1.57
	210	2.11 ± 0.00	40.55^xyzα ± 0.01
	330	1.42 ± 0.01	58.89^lmnopq ± 0.98
	460	0.89 ± 0.00	70.24^abcdefghi ± 2.47
	590	0.57 ± 0.03	75.21^a ± 3.24
U30-B70-T60	0	3.80 ± 0.14	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	80	2.86 ± 0.04	14.33^κλμ ± 4.25
	170	2.06 ± 0.05	32.50^βγδε ± 3.76
	280	1.39 ± 0.08	48.49^stuvw ± 0.85
	390	0.90 ± 0.05	60.76^klmnop ± 4.75
	525	0.56 ± 0.01	67.55^bcdefghijk ± 0.93
(B)
Treatment	Time (min)	MC (g water/g dry matter)	Shrinkage (%)
U10-B50-T120	0	4.45 ± 0.04	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	110	2.91 ± 0.01	22.12^ζηθι ± 4.37
	210	2.09 ± 0.02	44.30^vwxy ± 2.40
	320	1.43 ± 0.05	62.42^jklmno ± 1.33
	440	0.90 ± 0.08	73.29^abcde ± 4.84
	565	0.57 ± 0.02	74.99^ab ± 4.35
U30-B50-T120	0	3.84 ± 0.06	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	70	2.87 ± 0.05	13.28^λμ ± 1.74
	140	2.11 ± 0.07	33.53^αβγδε ± 3.47
	250	1.39 ± 0.01	50.94^rstuv ± 6.58
	350	0.92 ± 0.06	62.52^jklmno ± 5.18
	490	0.55 ± 0.01	66.69^defghijk ± 2.58
U10-B70-T120	0	4.34 ± 0.04	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	120	2.94 ± 0.02	18.62^θικλ ± 1.76
	220	2.12 ± 0.08	40.57^xyzα ± 2.26
	340	1.42 ± 0.01	58.79^lmnopq ± 6.10
	460	0.91 ± 0.01	69.88^abcdefghij ± 1.51
	580	0.59 ± 0.01	73.27^abcde ± 2.07
U30-B70-T120	0	3.63 ± 0.04	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	50	2.90 ± 0.16	13.14^λμ ± 0.28
	140	2.06 ± 0.12	27.68^εζη ± 0.13
	240	1.42 ± 0.11	42.81^wxyz ± 1.97
	360	0.89 ± 0.04	56.71^nopqr ± 2.41
	495	0.55 ± 0.01	65.54^fghijkl ± 0.20
(C)
Treatment	Time (min)	MC (g water/g dry matter)	Shrinkage (%)
U10-B50-T180	0	4.37 ± 0.07	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	90	2.86 ± 0.01	23.04^ζηθ ± 2.22
	180	2.11 ± 0.01	46.74^tuvwx ± 4.34
	290	1.43 ± 0.01	64.49^hijklm ± 5.16
	410	0.90 ± 0.02	73.18^abcde ± 1.63
	545	0.57 ± 0.01	74.38^abc ± 2.81
U30-B50-T180	0	3.72 ± 0.03	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	50	2.91 ± 0.01	15.16^ικλμ ± 1.62
	130	2.10 ± 0.04	34.25^αβγδε ± 2.45
	230	1.40 ± 0.01	51.23^rstuv ± 2.80
	340	0.90 ± 0.01	62.20^jklmno ± 0.46
	490	0.56 ± 0.00	66.15^efghijkl ± 2.61
U10-B70-T180	0	4.20 ± 0.28	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	120	2.86 ± 0.13	17.92^θικλμ ± 3.00
	210	2.12 ± 0.14	36.91^zαβγ ± 2.79
	330	1.42 ± 0.06	55.26^opqrs ± 2.55
	450	0.91 ± 0.02	67.07^cdefghijk ± 2.91
	565	0.61 ± 0.00	72.18^abcdefg ± 2.46
	0	3.41 ± 0.04	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	40	2.94 ± 0.11	13.90^κλμ ± 1.43
U30-B70-T180	130	2.12 ± 0.07	31.44^γδε ± 6.45
	240	1.38 ± 0.01	47.37^tuvwx ± 3.24
	350	0.91 ± 0.05	59.00^lmnopq ± 2.50
	505	0.56 ± 0.01	64.72^ghijkl ± 3.32
(D)
Treatment	Time (min)	MC (g water/g dry matter)	Shrinkage (%)
U10-B50-T240	0	4.27 ± 0.02	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	90	2.91 ± 0.08	19.40^θικλ ± 5.08
	190	2.14 ± 0.08	39.33^yzαβ ± 8.71
	310	1.41 ± 0.06	57.08^mnopqr ± 2.81
	430	0.90 ± 0.03	69.00^abcdefghij ± 3.69
	560	0.59 ± 0.02	72.42^abcdef ± 0.18
U30-B50-T240	0	3.54 ± 0.07	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	40	2.96 ± 0.07	17.95^θικλμ ± 3.56
	130	2.07 ± 0.13	36.77^zαβγ ± 0.06
	240	1.39 ± 0.11	53.05^qrst ± 0.18
	350	0.92 ± 0.10	62.90^ijklmn ± 1.06
	490	0.60 ± 0.04	65.77^efghijkl ± 7.50
U10-B70-T240	0	4.14 ± 0.03	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	120	2.90 ± 0.06	15.95^θικλμ ± 0.73
	220	2.09 ± 0.00	35.77^zαβγδ ± 1.35
	340	1.41 ± 0.01	53.55^pqrst ± 2.30
	470	0.91 ± 0.06	65.90^efghijkl ± 4.60
	590	0.59 ± 0.03	70.77^abcdefgh ± 5.23
	0	3.37 ± 0.05	0.00^ν ± 0.00
	40	2.88 ± 0.03	11.13^μ ± 2.20
	130	2.06 ± 0.00	28.77^δεζ ± 7.85
U30-B70-T240	240	1.39 ± 0.01	44.52^vwxy ± 2.26
	350	0.92 ± 0.00	57.00^mnopqr ± 5.55
	500	0.54 ± 0.01	64.05^hijklmn ± 1.19

FIGURE 1 Relationship between shrinkage and moisture content of all treated samples shown in Table 2 (a, b, c and d).