Bioactive and Antioxidant Activity from Citrus bergamia Risso (Bergamot) Juice Collected in Different Areas of Reggio Calabria Province, Italy

Figures & data

FIGURE 1 Map (Calabrian, Southern Italy) showing the area where Bergamot is cultivated.

TABLE 1 Sites of collection of Citrus bergamia in province of Reggio Calabria (Italy)

Area of collection	Latitude	Longitude
Catona	38.21705	15.63691
Gallico	38.16559	15.65367
Arangea	38.10929	15.64393
Pellaro	38.02050	15.64856
Melito Porto S.	37.92072	15.78568
Palizzi	37.96705	15.98719
Africo	38.05172	16.13407

TABLE 2 Average colorimetric values of bergamot juice

Area of collection	L	a*	b*
Catona	1,83 ± 0.02	0,05 ± 0.02	0,60 ± 0.04
Gallico	7,60 ± 0.25	0,22 ± 0.01	4,82 ± 0.28
Arangea	6,69 ± 1.35	0,10 ± 0.11	4,47 ± 1.46
Pellaro	4,78 ± 0.15	0,29 ± 0.11	2,51 ± 0.17
Melito	1,77 ± 0.08	0,06 ± 0.03	0,64 ± 0.06
Palizzi	1,95 ± 0.11	0,21 ± 0.07	1,09 ± 0.11
Africo	2,21 ± 0.03	0,21 ± 0.06	1,32 ± 0.06

TABLE 3 Physicochemical data of bergamot juice

Area of collection	pH	Acidity g L^–1	RRS	Formol index
Catona	2,84 ± 0.00^a	11,38 ± 0.31^e	8,11 ± 0.11^d	2,96 ± 0.01^a	***
Gallico	2,72 ± 0.00^d	12,44 ± 0.04^d	11,50 ± 0.02^a	2,53 ± 0.02^e	***
Arangea	2,78 ± 0.00^c	14,34 ± 0.02^b	11,61 ± 0.48^a	2,63 ± 0.02^d	***
Pellaro	2,81 ± 0.00^b	14,61 ± 0.03^ab	10,36 ± 0.06^b	2,75 ± 0.0^2c	***
Melito	2,82 ± 0.00^ab	14,73 ± 0.03^a	9,22 ± 0.08^c	3,63 ± 0.01^d	***
Palizzi	2,72 ± 0.00^d	13,11 ± 0.10^c	9,25 ± 0.06^c	2,91 ± 0.02^a	***
Africo	2,54 ± 0.00^d	14,83 ± 0.06^a	9,57 ± 0.03^c	2,86 ± 0.02^b	***

Values are the mean of three independent determinations ± standard deviation. Means followed by different letter are significantly different (p < 0.05).

TABLE 4 Values of ascorbic acid, total flavonoid and total phenolic of Citrus bergamia (juice)

Area of collection	Ascorbic acid mg 100 mL^–1	Flavonoid mg 100 mL^–1	Polyphenol mg 100 mL^–1
Catona	285,35 ± 10.05^a	104,06 ± 2.17^a	180,53 ± 2.86^d	***
Gallico	89,40 ± 2.10^d	51,11 ± 2.18^b	209,72 ± 1.29^b	***
Arangea	152,09 ± 4.50^c	148,15 ± 3.37^a	228,15 ± 2.70^a	***
Pellaro	171,91 ± 1.85^b	147,81 ± 4.58^c	202,37 ± 0.45^c	***
Melito	183,38 ± 7.34^b	106,40 ± 1.82^a	233,36 ± 0.48^a	***
Palizzi	184,10 ± 2.71^b	74,00 ± 2.11^b	211,84 ± 0.65^b	***
Africo	173,06 ± 3.21^b	126,94 ± 3.61^c	203,22 ± 0.50^c	***

Values are the mean of three independent determinations ± standard deviation. Means followed by different letter are significantly different (p < 0.05).

TABLE 5 Flavanone content (mg L^–1) in bergamot juice

Area of collection	Eriocitrin mg L^–1	Naringin mg L^–1	Neoeriocitrin mg L^–1	Neohesperedin mg L^–1
Catona	12,26 ± 0.42^bc	261,81 ± 0.88^c	282,47 ± 1.70^b	222,24 ± 0.85^d	***
Gallico	6,36 ± 0.32^e	142,69 ± 2.98^e	172,98 ± 1.60^e	110,79 ± 0.25^f	***
Arangea	14,09 ± 0.17^a	281,52 ± 2.43^b	296,77 ± 1.51^a	230,87 ± 0.40^c	***
Pellaro	14,45 ± 0.37^a	295,73 ± 1.11^a	279,56 ± 1.52^b	244,82 ± 0.88^a	***
Melito	11,76 ± 0.25^c	265,18 ± 1.33^c	264,63 ± 0.89^d	235,66 ± 0.81^b	***
Palizzi	8,07 ± 0.22^d	163,18 ± 2.80^d	158,59 ± 1.05^f	116,63 ± 0.39^e	***
Africo	12,87 ± 0.18^b	286,74 ± 0.78^b	272,73 ± 1.26^c	116,87 ± 0.48^e	***

Values are the mean of three independent determinations ± standard deviation. Means followed by different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

TABLE 6 Antioxidant activity of Citrus bergamia Risso

	DPPH IC50 (μg mL^–1)	ABTS IC50 (μg mL^–1)	β-carotene bleaching IC50 (μg mL^–1)
Area of collection			30 min	60 min
Catona	20.5 ± 1.3^e	21.8 ± 2.0^d	32.6 ± 2.4^d	36.7 ± 2.9^a	***
Gallico	21.1 ± 1.0^e	25.9 ± 1.9^c	34.8 ± 2.7^b	30.8 ± 2.0^e	***
Arangea	27.3 ± 1.9^b	32.6 ± 2.2^b	36.8 ± 2.6^a	35.7 ± 2.5^b	***
Pellaro	23.9 ± 1.4^d	25.7 ± 2.2^d	33.5 ± 2.9^c	34.8 ± 2.4^c	***
Melito	19.6 ± 2.0^f	17.4 ± 1.6^f	25.7 ± 2.9^f	24.9 ± 3.0^f	***
Palizzi	31.4 ± 1.1^a	35.6 ± 1.5^a	33.7 ± 2.8^c	31.8 ± 2.6^d	***
Africo	25.7 ± 1.2^c	18.9 ± 2.4^e	30.0 ± 1.5^e	35.3 ± 1.9^b	***
Positive control
BHT
Ascorbic acid	5.0 ± 0.8	1.7 ± 0.3
Propyl gallate			1.0 ± 0.04	1.0 ± 0.05

Data are expressed as means ± S.D. (n = 3).

DPPH radical scavenging activity assay; one-way ANOVA.

***p < 0.0001 followed by a multicomparison Dunnett’s test.

***p < 0.01 compared with ascorbic acid. Antioxidant capacity determined by radical cation (ABTS⁺).

One-way ANOVA ***p < 0.0001 followed by a multicomparison Dunnett’s test.

***p < 0.01 compared with ascorbic acid. β-carotene bleaching test 30 min one-way ANOVA.

***p < 0.0001 followed by a multicomparison Dunnett’s test.

***p < 0.01 compared with propyl gallate.

β-carotene bleaching test 60 min one-way ANOVA.

***p < 0.0001 followed by a multicomparison Dunnett’s test.

***p < 0.01 compared with propyl gallate.

Means followed by superscripted letters are significantly different.