Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil and Ethanol Extract of Coriandrum sativum L. Leaves from Turkey

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract and essential oil of Coriandrum sativum

	Ethanol extract		Essential oil		Reference antibiotics
Bacterial strain	DD^a	MIC^b	DD^c	MIC^b	DD^d	MIC^e
Acinetobacter lwoffi BC 2819	–	500 ± 0.00	8 ± 0.50	500 ± 0.00	17 ± 0.58 (AMC30)	7.8 ± 0.00
Bacillus cereus BC 6830	–	500 ± 0.00	9 ± 0.87	500 ± 0.00	12 ± 0.00 (CC2)	7.8 ± 0.00
Bacillus subtilis BC 5211	–	500 ± 0.00	11 ± 0.87	500 ± 0.00	36 ± 0.00 (AMC30)	7.8 ± 0.00
Flavobacterium indologenes BC 1520	8 ± 0.40	500 ± 0.00	13 ± 0.21	500 ± 0.00	27 ± 0.00 (AZM15)	7.8 ± 0.00
Enterococcus faecalis	10 ± 0.42	500 ± 0.00	16 ± 0.68	250 ± 0.00	18 ± 0.64 (SCF105)	31.3 ± 0.00
Escherichia coli BC 1402	–	–	11 ± 0.60	500 ± 0.00	22 ± 0.58 (OFX10)	15.6 ± 0.00
Escherichia coli BC 2326	–	–	10 ± 0.75	500 ± 0.00	26 ± 0.58 (AZM15)	7.8 ± 0.00
Klebsiella pneumoniae ozaenae BC32	10 ± 0.00	500 ± 0.00	18 ± 0.67	250 ± 0.00	19 ± 0.30 (CC2)	31.3 ± 0.00
Klebsiella pneumoniae BC 1749	10 ± 0.30	500 ± 0.00	16 ± 0.00	250 ± 0.00	30 ± 0.00 (OFX10)	62.3 ± 0.00
Listeria monocytogenes BC 8353	–	–	25 ± 0.65	31.3 ± 0.00	22 ± 0.00 (SAM20)	7.8 ± 0.00
Proteus mirabilis BC 2644	12 ± 0.35	500 ± 0.00	19 ± 0.30	250 ± 0.00	28 ± 0.58 (OFX10)	125 ± 0.00
Providencia alcalifaciens	10 ± 0.00	500 ± 0.00	14 ± 0.47	500 ± 0.00	33 ± 0.17 (OFX10)	62.5 ± 0.00
Pseudomonas aeruginosa BC 4372	–	–	7 ± 0.50	500 ± 0.00	28 ± 0.35 (OFX10)	7.8 ± 0.00
Pseudomonas fluorescens BC 7324	–	–	9 ± 0.42	500 ± 0.00	31 ± 0.00 (OFX10)	125 ± 0.00
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes BC 3445	10 ± 0.00	500 ± 0.00	15 ± 0.68	250 ± 0.00	32 ± 0.17 (OFX10)	125 ± 0.00
Salmonella Typhimurium RSSK 95091	–	–	9 ± 0.59	500 ± 0.00	12 ± 0,75 (TE30)	7.8 ± 0.00
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213	–	–	21 ± 0.38	31.3 ± 0.00	34 ± 0.12 (TE30)	7.8 ± 0.00
Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 176	13 ± 0.57	500 ± 0.00	26 ± 0.00	62.5 ± 0.00	25 ± 0.06 (OFX10)	7.8 ± 0.00
Yersinia enterocolitica BC 0184	10 ± 0.60	500 ± 0.00	13 ± 0.81	500 ± 0.00	26 ± 0.29 (AZM15)	31.3 ± 0.00

^aDD: Diameter of inhibition zone [mm] around the disks (6 mm) impregnated with 300 µg of ethanol extract.

^bMIC: Minimal inhibitory concentration [µg/mL].

^cDD: Diameter of inhibition zone [mm] around the disks (6 mm) impregnated with 10 µL of essential oil.

^dDD: Diameter of inhibition zone [mm] around the reference standard antibiotic disks (Oxoid) AMC30 (20 µg amoxicillin + 10 µg clavulanic asit/disc), CC2 (2 µg clindamycin/disc), AZM15 (15 µg azithromycin/disc), SCF105 (30 µg sulbactam + 75 µg cefoperazone/disc), OFX10 (10 µg Ofloxacin/disc), SAM20 (10 µg sulbactam + 10 µg ampicillin/disc), TE30 (30 µg tetracycline/disc).

^eMIC: Minimal inhibitory concentration [µg/mL] of the reference antibiotic clarithromycin (Oxoid).

–: no inhibition zone.

TABLE 2 Antifungal activity of ethanol extract and essential oil of C. sativum

	Ethanol extract		Essential oil		Amphotericin B
	DD^a	MIC^b	DD^c	MIC^b	DD^d	MIC^e
Yeasts
Candida albicans ATCC 1223	9 ± 0.21	500 ± 0.00	18 ± 0.25	7.8 ± 0.00	15 ± 0.00
Candida crusei ATCC 14243	–	–	9 ± 0.44	250 ± 0.00		125 ± 0.00
Fungi
Aspergillus flavus BC 101	–	–	8 ± 0.55	500 ± 0.00	17 ± 0.00	250 ± 0.00
Aspergillus niger BC 102	–	–	14 ± 0.21	250 ± 0.00	21 ± 0.00	62.5 ± 0.00
Aspergillus niger BC 103	–	–	17 ± 0.36	250 ± 0.00	19 ± 0.29	62.5 ± 0.00
Cladosporium herbarum BC 106	–	–	22 ± 0.26	250 ± 0.00	10 ± 0.36	250 ± 0.00
Penicillium brevicompactum BC 109	–	–	19 ± 0.47	125 ± 0.00	14 ± 0.23	62.5 ± 0.00
Penicillium roquefortii BC 111	–	–	21 ± 0.00	250 ± 0.00	11 ± 0.00	250 ± 0.00
Trichothecium roseum BC 116	–	–	26 ± 0.00	125 ± 0.00	32 ± 0.49	62.5 ± 0.00

^aDD: Diameter of inhibition zone [mm] around the disks (6 mm) impregnated with 300 µg of ethanol extract.

^bMIC: Minimal inhibitory concentration [µg/mL].

^cDD: Diameter of inhibition zone [mm] around the disks (6 mm) impregnated with 10 µL of essential oil.

^dDD: Diameter of inhibition zone [mm] around the reference standard antimycotic disk (20 µg amphotericin B/disk; Sigma. MIC: Minimal inhibitory concentration [µg/mL] of the reference antimycotic amphotericin B (Sigma).

TABLE 3 Essential oil composition of Coriandrum sativum

Compound	Percentage of total (%)	RI^a
Nonane	0.18	867
Alpha-pinene	1.64	935
Beta-pinene	0.87	978
Linalool	21.61	1096
Camphor	0.53	1172
(E)-2-Decenal	29.87	1269
Decanal	2.85	1211
Carvone	1.75	1249
1-Decanol	3.97	1274
3-Decanol	0.21	1289
Undecanal	3.78	1302
Undecanol	0.95	1349
Tetradecenal	2.35	1392
Dodecanal	5.78	1412
(E)-2-Undecanal	3.84	1421
(E)-2-Dodecanal	7.03	1456
(E)-2-Tridecanal	3.56	1597
Tridecenal	2.06	1614
(E)-2-Hexadecanal	2.47	1859
Total identified	95.30

^aRetention index on HP-5 column.

TABLE 4 Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the essential oil and ethanol extract of C. sativum

Sample	DPPH IC50 (μg/mL)	β- caroten/linoleic acid assay (%)	Total phenolic content (mgGAE/g DW)
Ethanol extract	74.87 ± 0.03	85.85 ± 0.04	14.97 ± 0.05
Essential oil	nd	nd	nd
Trolox	26.20 ± 0.01	–	–
BHA	–	93.20 ± 0.01	–

nd: not determined.