Soy Bioactive Components in Functional Perspective: A Review

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Nutritive value of soybeans as compared to other legumes

Legumes	Protein (%)	Fat (%)	Carbohydrate (%)	Calcium (mg/100 g)	Phosphorus (mg/100 g)	Iron(mg/100 g)	Magnesium (mg/100 g)	Sodium (mg/100 g)	Vitamin A (μg)	Thiamine (mg/100 g)	Riboflavin (mg/100 g)	Niacin(mg/100 g)	References
Soybean	40	20	20–30	226	546	8.5	236	27.9	426	73	39	3.2	[246]
Chickpea	4.9–29.6	4.99	60.1–61.7	105	168	2.89	48	7	1	0.116	0.063	0.526	[247]
Peas	21.2–32.9	0.2	14.45	43	108	1.47	33	5	38	0.266	0.132	2.09	[248]
Pigeonpea	18.8–28.5	2.19	57.3–58.7	130	367	5.23	183	17	—	0.643	0.187	2.965	[249]
Green gram	20.8–33.1	2.14	53.3–61.2	132	367	6.74	189	—	—	0.621	0.233	2.251	[250]
Lentil	20.4–30.5	1.17	59.7–61.0	56	451	7.54	122	6	—	0.87	0.211	2.605	[251]

FIGURE 1 Structures of the primary isoflavones in soybean.^[245]

FIGURE 2 Mechanism of action of soy isoflavones.

FIGURE 3 Potential health beneficial effects of soy isoflavones.

TABLE 2 Anti-diabetic effects of soy and its isoflavones

S. No.	Type of supplement	Study model	Outcomes	References
1.	Soy phytoestrogens	Human patients	Alteration of insulin resistance and glycemic control	[38]
2.	Soy nuts	Human patients	Improvement in glycemic control and insulin resistance	[39]
3.	Soy isoflavones	Diabetic rats	Improvement of blood glucose, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant enzyme activities	[40]
4.	Soy isoflavones (Diadzein)	In-vitro (Muscle derived cell line of L6 myoblasts)	Suppression in rise of glucose levels	[41]
5.	Soy phytochemical extract	In-vitro (Rabbit intestinal brush border membrane vesicles)	Inhibition of intestinal glucose uptake and protection against glucose induced oxidation	[42]
6.	Soy protein isolate+Soy isoflavones	Animal model	Insulin degradation thus controlling insulin action	[43]
7.	Soy isoflavones (genestein & diadzein)	Animal model	Improvement in insulin resistance	[44]
8.	Soy isoflavones	Animal model	Relieving postmenopausal symptoms viz. insulin resistance	[45]
9.	Soy isoflavone and its metabolite	Nested-case control study	Decreased risk of T2D	[46]

TABLE 3 Anti-cancerous effects of soy and its isoflavones

Sr. No.	Type of supplement	Study model	Outcomes	References
1.	Soy isoflavones (genistein and diadzein)	Human patients	Protection against PC	[64]
2.	Soy isoflavones	Post-menopausal women	Lowering of the risk of breast cancer	[65]
3.	Soy foods and isoflavones	In vitro as well as in vivo studies including humans	Decreased risk of breast cancer	[66]
4.	Soy isoflavones	Human patients	Alleviation of PC	[67]
5.	Soy isoflavones	Premenopausal women	Decreased risk of breast cancer	[68]
6.	Genistein	Comparison between diets of Asian and western population	Lower rates of breast cancer among Asians as compared to western population	[69]
7.	Soy and its phytoestrogens	In vitro and in vivo animal model	Lower risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women as compared to post-menopausal women	[70]
8.	Soy isoflavones	Human patients	Safety of isoflavones against breast cancer	[71]
9.	Soy and its isoflavones	In vivo animal and human studies	Early intake may reduce the risk of breast cancer	[72]
10.	Genistein	Animal model	Early intake may modulate the genesis of mammary tumour	[73]
11.	Equol	Human intervention studies	Reduction in the risk of cancer and other degenerative diseases	[74]
12.	Diadzein sulfate	In vitro studies	Anti-tumourogenic effect	[75]
13.	Soy and its isoflavones viz. genistein, diadzein, glycetein, and equol	In vivo human and animal studies	Lower risk of PC	[76]
14.	Soy isoflavonoids	Human intervention studies	Protection against genesis of PC	[77-79]
15.	Soy isoflavones	Human patients	Alleviation of adverse effects in PC patients	[80]
16.	Genistein + cabazitaxel (drug)	In vitro and in vivo experimental model	Regulation in the onset of metastatic castration-resistant PC (mcrpc)	[81]
17.	Genistein and diadzein	In vitro (human prostate cancer cell lines)	Down regulation of growth factors involved in proliferation of new blood vessels in tumors	[82]
18.	Genistein	Human patients	Reduction in the risk of prostate cancer by decreasing serum prostate specific antigen (psa) levels	[83]
19.	Soy isoflavones	Human intervention studies	Lowers the risk of castration resistant PC	[84]
20.	Non-fermented soy foods containing soy isoflavones	Human patients	Protective effect against stomach cancer	[85]
21.	Soybean/tofu	Korean men and women	Lowers the risk of gastric cancer	[86]
22.	Soy isoflavones	Human population (North-West China)	Reduced risk of oesophageal cancer	[87]
23.	Structurally modified genistein	In vitro and in vivo studies	As a therapy for cancer prevention	[88]
24.	Genestein	In-vivo study	Anti-cancer effects against in ER(-) breast cancer	[89]
25.	Soy isoflavone	Meta-analysis study	Lower risk of breast cancer in pre and post-menopausal women	[90]
26.	Genistein	Animal model study	Suppression of the tumor growth and metastatic transition	[91]
27.	Soy isoflavones	Epidimeological study among Japanese women	Reduction in the risk of breast cancer	[92]
28.	Soy and Soy isoflavones	Meta-analysis study	Reduction in the risk of prostate cancer	[93]
29.	Soy isoflavones and its metabolite	Human patients	Inverse relation between prostate cancer incidence and soy isoflavones intake	[94]

TABLE 4 Anti-atherosclerosis effects of soy and its isoflavones

S. No.	Type of supplement	Study model	Outcomes	References
1.	Soy protein isolate	Human patients	Alleviation of risk of CVD	[158]
2.	Black soybeans+fenofibrate	Human patients	Anti-hyperlipidemic effect	[159]
3.	Soy isoflavones	Human patients with ischaemic stroke	Prevention of secondary CVD	[160]
4.	Soy isoflavone (genestein)	In-vitro (human coronary artery endothelial cell)	Anti-atherogenic and cardioprotective effect	[161]
5.	High isoflavone soybeans	Animal model	Atheroprotective benefits	[162]
6.	Diadzein metabolite viz. equol	In-vitro study	Beneficial effect on hemostatic system	[163]
7.	Soy isoflavones	Meta-analysis study	Reduction in LDL cholesterol	[164]
8.	Soy isoflavone (genestein)	Animal model	Regeneration in ischaemic tissues	[165]
9.	Soy isoflavones (genestein)	In-vitro model	Reduction in risk factors of CVD	[166]
10.	Soybean purified extract containing genestein and diadzein	Animal model	Improved cardiometabolic risk factors	[167]
11.	Soy isoflavones	Human patients	Improved lipid profiles, thereby lowering the risk of CVD	[168]

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