Fish spoilage bacterial growth and their biogenic amine accumulation: Inhibitory effects of olive by-products

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical composition of olive by-products that were identified.

OL*		BW		OC
Compounds	%	Compounds	%	Compounds	%
Pyridine	1.20	Isopinocampheol	0.01	Isopropyl linoleate	0.03
Cyclotetradecane	1.98	Eicosadiene	1.37	Pentadecanol	0.04
3-pyridinecarboxylic acid	1.34	Octadecanal. 2-bromo-	1.50	Cetylol	0.78
2-buten-1-one^x	5.39	Cyclohexadecane	1.80	Methyl stearate	0.64
3-buten-1-one^y	1.68	Heptadecanol	1.45	Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester	0.83
Cis-nerolidol	2.49	Elaidinsaeure	0.27	Ethyl palmitate	3.02
9-Hydroxyfluorene	1.21	Pentanol	0.94	Eicosadiene	0.23
Palmitic acid	12.2	Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester	0.20	Oleyl alcohol	0.82
Cyclopentaphenanthrene	1.98	Oelsauere	0.08	Linoleic acid ethyl ester	2.91
1-methylphenanthrene	2.87	Oleyl alcohol	0.21	Octadecenoıc acid methyl ester	8.90
Dicarbonitrile-biphenyl	2.30	Octadecenoic acid methyl ester	4.43	Methyl oleate	0.47
Cyclopropane carboxamide	1.35	Ethyl linoleate	5.44	Trıacontanoic acid methyl ester	0.12
Pyrene	4.70	Ethyl oleate	7.52	Ethyl oleate	52.3
Linoleic acid	11.4	Squalene	51.1	Octadecenal	2.07
Stearic acid	4.17	Oelsauere	0.23	Squalene	22.8
Phenanthrene	11.9	Arachidic acid	0.40	Stenol	0.52
2-pentadecanone	4.20	Tetracosanol	3.49	Oelsauere	0.98
Heptadecane	2.97	Docosene	0.15	Octadecanal	0.99
N-heptanal	1.73	Heptadecanol	0.15	Hexadecal vinyl ether	0.92
Hexacosane	5.56	Oleic acid	0.36	Heptadecanol	0.34
Tricosane	2.47	Hexadecenoic acid	0.33	Trıcosenyl formate	0.29
1-phenanthrenecarboxylic acid	1.01	Monoolein	1.06
Emetine	1.07	Oleic acid ethyl ester	17.5
Cyclohexadecane	1.13
Alpha-farnesene	0.97
Octadecane	1.86
Caryophyllene	0.79
Promecarp	1.29
Ethyldimethylbenzene	0.96
Decane	0.81
Cyclopentane	0.55
Acenophthylene	0.52
Dodecane	0.45
Dibenzofuran	0.63
Fluorene	0.59
Butyloctylphthalate	0.97
Pentadecane	0.52
2-pentene	0.41
6-octenal	0.37

^X2-buten-1-one, 1-(2,6,6-trimetyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl).

^Y3-buten-1-one, 4-(2,6,6-trimetyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl).

*OC: olive cake, BW: black water, OL: olive leaf extract.

Table 2. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of olive by-products against bacteria (mg/mL).

Bacteria	OC*		BW		OL
	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC
Fish spoilage bacteria
Ent. cloacae	50.0	50.0	25.0	50.0	12.5	25.0
Ser. liquefaciens	50.0	>50.0	25.0	25.0	6.25	12.5
Prot. mirabilis	50.0	>50.0	50.0	50.0	6.25	25.0
Phot. damseale	50.0	>50.0	25.0	50.0	0.78	3.12
Pseu. luteola	50.0	>50.0	50.0	>50.0	3.12	25.0
Pantoea spp.	12.5	25.0	12.5	50.0	25.0	25.0
V. vulnificus	50.0	50.0	25.0	25.0	6.25	25.0
Steno. maltophila	50.0	>50.0	50.0	>50.0	25.0	25.0
A. lwoffii	6.25	25.00	50.0	>50.0	6.25	25.0
Pasteurella spp.	50.0	50.0	50.0	>50.0	25.0	25.0
Citrobacter spp.	25.0	50.0	50.0	>50.0	1.56	3.12
Reference strains
E. coli ATCC25922	50.0	>50.0	50.0	>50.0	3.12	25.0
S. Paratyphi A NCTC13	50.0	>50.0	50.0	>50.0	6.25	25.0
Staph. aureus ATCC29213	50.0	>50.0	50.0	>50.0	12.5	50.0
Y. enterocolitica NCTC 11175	50.0	>50.0	50.0	>50.0	25.0	50.0
K. pneumoniae ATCC700603	50.0	>50.0	25.0	50.0	25.0	50.0

*OC: olive cake, BW: black water, OL: olive leaf extract.

Table 3. Microbial growth in anchovy decarboxylase broth.

Bacterial strains	C	OL	OC	BW
Fish spoilage bacteria
Ent. cloacea	5.68 ± 0.05^a*	5.68 ± 0.10^a	5.68 ± 0.06^a	5.82 ± 0.08^a
Ser. liquefaciens	5.68 ± 0.32^a	4.64 ± 0.44^b	4.70 ± 0.05^b	4.76 ± 0.16^b
Prot. mirabilis	5.68 ± 0.32^a	3.26 ± 0.10^c	4.70 ± 0.23^b	4.67 ± 0.05^b
Phot. damselae	5.68 ± 0.04^a	4.48 ± 0.00^b	5.43 ± 0.39^a	5.48 ± 0.07^a
Pseu. luteola	5.68 ± 0.05^a	5.68 ± 0.07^a	5.68 ± 0.35^a	5.11 ± 0.39^a
Pontea spp.	5.13 ± 0.44^a	5.13 ± 0.23^a	3.54 ± 0.31^c	4.64 ± 0.09^b
V. vulnificus	5.98 ± 0.05^a	5.20 ± 0.10^c	5.61 ± 0.06^b	5.61 ± 0.10^b
Steno. maltophilia	5.98 ± 0.07^a	5.98 ± 0.16^a	5.68 ± 0.05^b	5.98 ± 0.04^a
Pasteurella spp.	5.68 ± 0.09^a	4.60 ± 0.30^b	4.61 ± 0.04^b	4.91 ± 0.23^b
Citrobacter spp.	5.68 ± 0.27^a	4.91 ± 0.12^b	5.39 ± 0.03^ab	5.12 ± 0.12^b
A. lwoffii	5.68 ± 0.08^a	5.68 ± 0.07^a	5.04 ± 0.04^b	5.68 ± 0.10^a
Reference strains
E. coli ATCC25922	5.39 ± 0.20^a	5.39 ± 0.07^a	5.05 ± 0.02^b	5.11 ± 0.05^b
S. Paratyphi A NCTC13	5.68 ± 0.32^a	5.01 ± 0.13^b	4.97 ± 0.22^b	4.92 ± 0.09^b
Staph. aureus ATCC29213	5.68 ± 0.04^a	4.78 ± 0.04^b	5.68 ± 0.06^a	5.68 ± 0.07^a
Y. enterocolitica NCTC 11175	5.68 ± 0.04^a	5.68 ± 0.26^a	4.58 ± 0.03^c	5.21 ± 0.03^b
K. pneumoniae ATCC700603	5.68 ± 0.03^a	4.38 ± 0.23^b	5.52 ± 0.03^a	5.68 ± 0.17^a

*Data are expressed as mean value of three samples.

Mean value ± standard deviation (log cfu/ mL).

C: control, OC: olive cake, BW: black water, OL: olive leaf extract.

^a–cIndicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between control and specific treated group in the same row.

Table 4. Biogenic amine production by bacteria isolated from spoiled anchovy in the presence of olive oil by-products (mg/L).

	AMN	PUT	CAD	SPD	TRPT	2-PHN	SPN	HİS	SER	TYR	TMA	DOP	AGM
Ent. cloacae	20.5 ± 1.13*^bc	2.24 ± 0.21^c	0.77 ± 0.02^b	1.34 ± 0.07^b	0.12 ± 0.01^c	0.19 ± 0.02^b	1.10 ± 0.10^d	2.30 ± 0.22^c	3.55 ± 0.30^d	7.52 ± 0.71^c	11.2 ± 1.15^c	2.07 ± 0.19^b	8.78 ± 0.07^b	C
	24.7 ± 1.39^b	7.74 ± 0.52^a	0.48 ± 0.09^c	2.32 ± 0.19^a	0.79 ± 0.01^b	0.29 ± 0.01^b	1.41 ± 0.03^c	5.65 ± 0.11^a	7.41 ± 0.42^c	11.67 ± 0.14^b	23.6 ± 1.51^b	0.63 ± 0.02^b	9.67 ± 0.02^a	OL
	39.0 ± 0.05^a	3.70 ± 0.04^b	0.77 ± 0.02^b	2.07 ± 0.12^a	0.76 ± 0.07^b	0.26 ± 0.01^b	2.09 ± 0.08^b	2.61 ± 0.01^c	6.00 ± 0.19^b	13.0 ± 0.07^a	61.1 ± 2.48^a	13.5 ± 0.76^a	9.17 ± 0.18^bc	OC
	22.3 ± 1.59^bc	2.88 ± 0.04^c	1.03 ± 0.11^a	1.30 ± 0.05^b	1.58 ± 0.09^a	3.60 ± 0.21^a	2.39 ± 0.03^a	3.91 ± 0.12^b	13.7 ± 0.84^a	6.38 ± 0.29^d	3.10 ± 0.15^d	13.9 ± 1.12^d	8.41 ± 0.41^c	BW
Ser. liquefaciens	79.5 ± 3.97^a	19.0 ± 0.90^a	61.9 ± 3.57^b	0.44 ± 0.02^b	0.04 ± 0.00^a	1.85 ± 0.11^c	0.38 ± 0.02^b	0.99 ± 0.95^a	12.1 ± 0.54^b	5.33 ± 0.30^b	0.50 ± 0.01^c	26.4 ± 2.04^ab	7.52 ± 0.80^b	C
	59.2 ± 3.06^b	18.1 ± 0.59^a	56.7 ± 0.26^bc	0.25 ± 0.04^c	0.02 ± 0.00^a	1.35 ± 0.01^c	0.38 ± 0.04^b	0.74 ± 0.03^a	8.60 ± 0.50^c	3.83 ± 0.05^c	0.60 ± 0.02^b	30.9 ± 0.87^a	8.64 ± 0.51^ab	OL
	39.2 ± 0.80^d	17.3 ± 0.79^a	51.5 ± 2.55^c	0.15 ± 0.01^d	0.00 ± 0.00^a	3.64 ± 0.37^b	0.58 ± 0.04^a	0.23 ± 0.01^a	7.31 ± 0.71^c	21.6 ± 0.76^a	0.10 ± 0.01^d	24.0 ± 1.68^b	9.68 ± 0.28^a	OC
	47.9 ± 1.13^c	9.80 ± 0.10^b	70.8 ± 3.70^a	0.71 ± 0.01^a	0.02 ± 0.02^a	12.9 ± 1.22^a	0.51 ± 0.03^a	0.63 ± 0.04^a	25.9 ± 2.01^a	4.92 ± 0.15^bc	13.2 ± 0.03^a	22.5 ± 2.22^b	4.70 ± 0.43^c	BW
Prot. mirabilis	59.9 ± 5.03^a	4.77 ± 0.44^b	0.59 ± 0.00^b	1.05 ± 0.04^c	0.20 ± 0.01^c	0.15 ± 0.01^d	0.99 ± 0.00^c	2.32 ± 0.11^a	12.3 ± 0.97^a	4.84 ± 0.31^b	2.99 ± 0.14^d	6.01 ± 0.51^b	3.04 ± 0.25^b	C
	62.0 ± 4.81^a	4.68 ± 0.10^b	0.64 ± 0.05^b	1.38 ± 0.03^b	0.88 ± 0.00^a	0.35 ± 0.00^b	1.64 ± 0.05^b	1.37 ± 0.10^b	4.58 ± 0.24^c	2.06 ± 0.04^c	93.3 ± 5.45^a	2.74 ± 0.38^c	0.53 ± 0.02^d	OL
	56.5 ± 0.86^a	4.87 ± 0.18^b	1.04 ± 0.06^a	1.79 ± 0.03^d	0.52 ± 0.03^b	0.24 ± 0.02^c	2.06 ± 0.04^a	2.31 ± 0.01^a	7.46 ± 0.54^b	9.60 ± 0.22^a	21.3 ± 1.18^c	3.36 ± 0.21^c	1.84 ± 0.13^c	OC
	32.6 ± 0.85^b	6.46 ± 0.22^a	0.58 ± 0.01^b	1.14 ± 0.09^c	0.23 ± 0.03^c	0.53 ± 0.03^a	0.36 ± 0.02^d	1.10 ± 0.10^c	8.14 ± 0.59^b	2.18 ± 0.01^c	44.5 ± 4.35^b	14.8 ± 0.39^a	3.70 ± 0.15^a	BW
Phot. damselae	42.2 ± 2.42^a	1.01 ± 0.07^b	1.07 ± 0.12^b	2.42 ± 0.12^a	0.44 ± 0.07^a	0.28 ± 0.03^c	2.94 ± 0.06^b	4.33 ± 0.35^a	8.89 ± 0.49^b	16.0 ± 0.75^b	72.7 ± 5.36^b	15.1 ± 0.90^b	9.12 ± 0.93^a	C
	21.0 ± 1.58^c	0.46 ± 0.04^c	0.35 ± 0.01^d	1.33 ± 0.05^c	0.46 ± 0.01^a	0.67 ± 0.06^b	1.70 ± 0.02^c	1.65 ± 0.10^b	6.06 ± 0.36^c	7.01 ± 0.07^c	36.8 ± 2.26^c	10.4 ± 0.34^c	5.85 ± 0.33^b	OL
	30.4 ± 1.80^b	3.75 ± 0.37^a	1.33 ± 0.05^a	1.99 ± 0.02^b	0.56 ± 0.07^a	1.18 ± 0.02^a	5.18 ± 0.08^a	4.81 ± 0.36^a	13.1 ± 1.11^a	24.6 ± 1.17^a	90.4 ± 3.68^a	31.9 ± 2.92^a	6.19 ± 0.73^b	OC
	38.0 ± 3.11^a	0.56 ± 0.02^bc	0.57 ± 0.03^c	2.46 ± 0.09^a	0.00 ± 0.00^b	0.13 ± 0.01^d	1.38 ± 0.58^c	1.45 ± 0.02^b	2.47 ± 0.05^d	7.41 ± 0.57^c	7.01 ± 0.20^d	8.95 ± 0.51^c	6.78 ± 0.44^b	BW
A. lwoffii	57.6 ± 3.41^a	64.9 ± 5.79^a	8.04 ± 0.81^a	3.48 ± 0.17^a	1.18 ± 0.03^b	2.64 ± 0.11^a	2.40 ± 0.24^ab	9.66 ± 0.36^a	15.57 ± 0.73^b	11.5 ± 0.85^ab	14.5 ± 0.74^a	25.4 ± 1.60^c	5.35 ± 0.19^b	C
	60.4 ± 4.68^a	1.68 ± 0.05^b	0.82 ± 0.05^b	3.08 ± 0.09^b	1.70 ± 0.11^a	2.64 ± 0.06^a	3.22 ± 0.31^a	3.79 ± 0.14^b	6.12 ± 0.29^c	12.8 ± 0.85^a	16.2 ± 1.40^a	31.5 ± 2.24^c	14.5 ± 0.00^a	OL
	24.3 ± 0.68^c	1.91 ± 0.11^b	0.64 ± 0.01^b	2.77 ± 0.08^c	0.32 ± 0.00^c	0.64 ± 0.01^c	2.30 ± 0.13^b	2.84 ± 0.19^c	26.2 ± 1.65^a	9.67 ± 0.02^b	7.78 ± 0.05^b	60.3 ± 3.75^a	15.3 ± 1.24^a	OC
	45.5 ± 3.22^b	1.72 ± 0.15^b	0.86 ± 0.03^b	3.10 ± 0.08^b	1.02 ± 0.16^b	1.59 ± 0.20^b	3.09 ± 0.44^ab	3.60 ± 0.20^b	5.58 ± 0.39^c	12.9 ± 1.10^a	6.90 ± 0.12^b	47.4 ± 1.18^b	14.5 ± 0.17^b	BW
Pseu. luteola	47.6 ± 1.22^a	1.69 ± 0.09^b	0.75 ± 0.04^a	2.60 ± 0.21^b	4.14 ± 0.28^b	3.15 ± 0.06^b	2.19 ± 0.09^b	4.97 ± 0.21^b	34.7 ± 1.04^a	10.4 ± 0.26^a	120.6 ± 6.85^a	41.9 ± 3.98^a	12.1 ± 1.07^a	C
	42.0 ± 3.82^b	2.09 ± 0.01^a	0.65 ± 0.01^b	3.52 ± 0.36^a	5.09 ± 0.14^a	4.36 ± 0.01^a	3.52 ± 0.49^a	6.31 ± 0.36^a	1.86 ± 0.05^c	10.6 ± 12.24^a	86.7 ± 5.82^b	28.1 ± 2.69^c	11.2 ± 0.45^ab	OL
	40.8 ± 0.71^c	1.50 ± 0.06^c	0.78 ± 0.03^a	1.74 ± 0.09^c	3.71 ± 0.05^bc	3.00 ± 0.07^b	2.63 ± 0.14^b	4.46 ± 0.56^b	42.5 ± 6.1^a	7.23 ± 0.46^a	97.4 ± 4.32^b	39.8 ± 1.05^b	10.4 ± 0.18^b	OC
	41.8 ± 0.15^bc	0.72 ± 0.01^d	0.25 ± 0.02^c	1.99 ± 0.04^c	3.32 ± 0.34^c	2.53 ± 0.14^c	1.27 ± 0.04^c	3.16 ± 0.09^c	14.6 ± 1.10^b	19.7 ± 0.94^a	0.38 ± 0.06^c	28.7 ± 2.62^c	6.77 ± 0.42^c	BW
Pontea spp.	33.0 ± 1.73^b	9.22 ± 0.50^a	4.92 ± 0.45^a	1.82 ± 0.12^c	0.05 ± 0.00^c	0.33 ± 0.01^d	0.99 ± 0.10^d	1.30 ± 0.01^d	13.9 ± 0.72^b	8.50 ± 2.84^ab	1.77 ± 0.07^c	23.5 ± 4.62^b	6.08 ± 0.42^b	C
	24.8 ± 1.98^c	5.77 ± 0.50^b	4.23 ± 0.25^ab	2.37 ± 0.10^b	0.37 ± 0.01^b	0.81 ± 0.03^a	1.96 ± 0.19^c	4.96 ± 0.08^b	3.42 ± 0.48^d	3.26 ± 0.11^c	16.5 ± 0.61^b	15.4 ± 0.61^c	1.26 ± 0.06^c	OL
	25.0 ± 1.81^c	4.45 ± ± 0.26^c	2.48 ± 0.12 ^c	1.47 ± 0.16^c	0.44 ± 0.02^a	0.69 ± 0.00^b	2.69 ± 0.05^a	2.81 ± 0.08^c	9.46 ± 0.28^c	12.4 ± 0.22^a	62.5 ± 6.04^a	47.1 ± 3.25^a	10.7 ± 0.97^a	OC
	37.0 ± 2.01^a	4.23 ± 0.20^c	3.65 ± 0.11^b	2.89 ± 0.28^a	0.43 ± 0.05^ab	0.57 ± 0.06^c	2.37 ± 0.03^b	5.12 ± 0.34^a	18.0 ± 0.83^a	7.19 ± 0.40^bc	57.1 ± 4.44^a	9.40 ± 0.63^c	5.23 ± 0.02^b	BW
V.vulnificus	37.6 ± 0.46^b	1.05 ± 0.04^a	0.84 ± 0.04^a	3.85 ± 0.22^a	0.36 ± 0.02^a	0.40 ± 0.04^a	2.22 ± 0.19^b	2.76 ± 0.24^a	3.56 ± 0.25^c	8.22 ± 0.75^b	9.29 ± 0.54^c	28.5 ± 1.84^b	6.02 ± 0.51^c	C
	23.7 ± 1.89^c	0.66 ± 0.05^b	0.40 ± 0.04^c	2.53 ± 0.13^b	0.26 ± 0.26^a	0.26 ± 0.01^b	1.27 ± 0.13^c	1.91 ± 0.09^b	3.17 ± 0.08^c	3.34 ± 0.24^c	18.9 ± 1.12^b	7.86 ± 0.42^c	0.96 ± 0.08^d	OL
	22.6 ± 2.19^c	0.62 ± 0.02^b	0.77 ± 0.04 ^a	1.77 ± 0.13^c	0.32 ± 0.01^a	0.11 ± 0.01^c	3.66 ± 0.26^a	2.95 ± 0.03^a	7.37 ± 0.62^b	14.3 ± 1.01^a	19.2 ± 1.00^b	41.0 ± 2.00^a	14.4 ± 0.63^a	OC
	49.7 ± 2.00^a	0.45 ± 0.01^c	0.57 ± 0.05^b	1.86 ± 0.04^c	0.00 ± 0.00^a	0.28 ± 0.00^b	1.21 ± 0.01^c	2.10 ± 0.05^b	17.8 ± 1.78^a	6.92 ± 0.57^b	47.3 ± 1.75^a	36.7 ± 3.05^a	9.10 ± 0.10^b	BW
Steno. maltophilia	38.5 ± 2.93^b	1.55 ± 0.11^c	0.43 ± 0.01^c	2.42 ± 0.10^b	0.33 ± 0.04^c	0.39 ± 0.03^b	1.17 ± 0.05^c	1.61 ± 0.02^d	11.9 ± 0.48^a	10.1 ± 0.03^b	153.8 ± 3.51^a	47.6 ± 1.37^a	10.5 ± 0.78^b	C
	24.5 ± 0.87^d	1.99 ± 0.18^b	1.38 ± 0.05^a	2.25 ± 0.21^b	0.40 ± 0.02^c	0.54 ± 0.03^a	1.93 ± 0.08^c	2.47 ± 0.19^c	3.86 ± 0.16^c	5.55 ± 0.26^c	9.99 ± 0.24^d	8.51 ± 0.37^d	13.9 ± 1.09^a	OL
	36.1 ± 2.88^b	1.42 ± 0.02^c	1.09 ± 0.05^ab	2.67 ± 0.25^b	0.64 ± 0.00^b	0.35 ± 0.01^b	4.71 ± 0.42^a	5.11 ± 0.29^a	6.24 ± 0.26^b	16.6 ± 0.06^a	50.6 ± 3.13^b	42.0 ± 3.55^b	15.6 ± 1.14^a	OC
	42.1 ± 3.68^a	2.48 ± 0.07^a	0.89 ± 0.26^b	3.73 ± 0.21^a	1.20 ± 0.11^a	0.52 ± 0.05^a	3.48 ± 0.38^b	4.45 ± 0.01^b	5.34 ± 0.39^b	15.9 ± 1.21^a	33.7 ± 3.45^c	16.6 ± 0.01^c	11.1 ± 0.74^b	BW
Pasteurella spp.	37.9 ± 1.09^b	0.80 ± 0.07^b	0.60 ± 0.01^c	2.46 ± 0.08^b	0.35 ± 0.03^b	0.17 ± 0.01^c	3.62 ± 0.35^c	5.99 ± 0.27^a	36.2 ± 1.83^a	20.0 ± 0.76^b	127.2 ± 3.12^a	34.5 ± 2.58^a	11.4 ± 0.84^a	C
	22.0 ± 0.90^d	15.8 ± 1.21^a	4.41 ± 0.17^a	3.92 ± 0.16^b	2.43 ± 0.17^a	0.23 ± 0.01^c	10.33 ± 1.00^b	6.46 ± 0.19^a	9.10 ± 0.29^b	23.8 ± 1.25^a	62.9 ± 1.64^c	32.8 ± 2.47^a	7.88 ± 0.04^b	OL
	30.1 ± 1.22^c	3.02 ± 1.62^b	1.09 ± 0.05^b	2.48 ± 0.61^b	0.62 ± 0.03^b	0.91 ± 0.09^a	3.59 ± 0.09^c	3.99 ± 0.02^b	9.15 ± 0.78^b	15.9 ± 0.96^c	15.1 ± 1.07^d	19.8 ± 1.40^b	11.8 ± 1.18^a	OC
	54.8 ± 4.71^a	0.36 ± 0.01^b	4.36 ± 0.22^a	12.12 ± 1.01^a	0.64 ± 0.20^b	0.47 ± 0.10^b	22.19 ± 1.62^a	2.12 ± 0.16^c	7.17 ± 0.32^b	6.31 ± 0.01^d	96.5 ± 2.60^b	30.6 ± 1.00^a	8.35 ± 0.49^b	BW
Citrobacter spp.	23.2 ± 2.05^b	1.50 ± 0.16^c	0.81 ± 0.05^b	1.44 ± 0.10^c	0.26 ± 0.02^c	0.40 ± 0.04^b	1.83 ± 0.09^c	3.01 ± 0.09^bc	19.3 ± 0.80^a	11.2 ± 0.63^b	53.4 ± 3.48^a	32.5 ± 2.17^b	12.9 ± 0.71^b	C
	24.3 ± 0.41^b	4.45 ± 0.48^a	1.73 ± 0.07^a	1.93 ± 0.01^b	0.57 ± 0.08^b	0.41 ± 0.02^b	6.18 ± 0.20^a	7.87 ± 0.12^a	18.3 ± 0.83^a	24.2 ± 0.88^a	27.8 ± 1.98^b	35.1 ± 1.71^b	25.3 ± 1.47^a	OL
	29.4 ± 2.43^b	2.59 ± 0.09^b	0.59 ± 0.10^c	0.03 ± 0.00^d	0.10 ± 0.00^d	0.01 ± 0.00^c	3.72 ± 0.10^b	2.68 ± 0.25^c	19.2 ± 1.77^a	12.2 ± 0.70^b	11.7 ± 0.24^c	40.7 ± 3.38^a	13.9 ± 0.02^a	OC
	44.2 ± 3.18^a	0.55 ± 0.05^d	0.69 ± 0.04^bc	3.32 ± 0.04^a	0.73 ± 0.04^a	1.68 ± 0.01^a	1.39 ± 0.14^d	3.46 ± 0.33^b	19.0 ± 1.37^a	8.39 ± 0.28^c	6.49 ± 0.81^c	24.6 ± 0.99^c	6.75 ± 0.02^c	BW

Table 5. Biogenic amine production by common foodborne pathogens and non-pathogen E. coli strain in the presence of olive oil by-products (mg/L).

	AMN	PUT	CAD	SPD	TRPT	2-PHN	SPN	HİS	SER	TYR	TMA	DOP	AGM	Groups
E. coli	27.5 ± 1.09^a	1.60 ± 0.09^a	0.82 ± 0.06^b	1.01 ± 0.06^ab	0.00 ± 0.00^b	4.06 ± 0.16^b	1.97 ± 0.04^a	4.23 ± 0.43^a	27.1 ± 1.25^b	29.4 ± 2.11^a	99.6 ± 8.82^a	13.6 ± 0.62^b	9.26 ± 0.76^b	C
ATCC25922	29.6 ± 0.70^a	1.28 ± 0.09^b	1.06 ± 0.08^a	1.12 ± 0.03^a	0.23 ± 0.09^a	5.64 ± 0.08^a	1.43 ± 0.08^b	2.29 ± 0.01^b	31.4 ± 1.05^a	22.4 ± 1.17^b	19.6 ± 0.37^c	26.2 ± 1.18^a	17.7 ± 0.21^a	OL
	28.4 ± 1.33^a	0.73 ± 0.03^c	0.51 ± 0.05^c	0.55 ± 0.03^c	0.00 ± 0.00^b	3.94 ± 0.26^b	0.83 ± 0.03^c	2.28 ± 0.24^b	20.7 ± 2.25^c	21.6 ± 2.03^bc	35.4 ± 3.33^b	15.0 ± 0.50^b	10.5 ± 1.07^b	OC
	22.3 ± 1.48^b	1.63 ± 0.17^a	0.41 ± 0.04^c	0.89 ± 0.05^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b	2.97 ± 0.06^c	0.58 ± 0.02^a	1.53 ± 0.11^c	7.15 ± 0.60^d	17.6 ± 0.31^c	10.1 ± 0.53^c	29.4 ± 2.43^a	7.17 ± 0.35^c	BW
S. Paratyphi A	29.9 ± 0.68^c	1.06 ± 0.02^b	0.33 ± 0.17^b	0.73 ± 0.05^b	0.15 ± 0.01^b	3.91 ± 0.28^a	0.65 ± 0.07^b	1.16 ± 0.10^b	3.10 ± 0.14^c	10.5 ± 0.85^c	0.99 ± 0.01^c	2.28 ± 0.02^c	6.61 ± 0.62^b	C
NCTC13	43.2 ± 4.17^a	2.10 ± 0.05^a	0.60 ± 0.03^a	1.29 ± 0.08^a	0.49 ± 0.02^a	3.57 ± 0.33^ab	0.94 ± 0.05^a	1.44 ± 0.11^a	13.28 ± 0.41^a	10.2 ± 0.49^c	3.14 ± 0.29^c	7.56 ± 0.24^a	7.40 ± 0.47^a	OL
	41.2 ± 2.78^ab	1.14 ± 0.01^b	0.20 ± 0.01^b	0.42 ± 0.02^c	0.03 ± 0.00^c	2.68 ± 0.23^c	0.15 ± 0.01^c	0.31 ± 0.00^c	5.82 ± 0.09^b	12.8 ± 0.81^b	27.7 ± 2.52^a	1.49 ± 0.14^d	4.45 ± 0.44^c	OC
	34.7 ± 2.93^bc	0.73 ± 0.04^c	0.28 ± 0.00^b	0.37 ± 0.02^c	0.02 ± 0.00^c	2.94 ± 0.12^bc	0.13 ± 0.01^c	0.32 ± 0.02^c	1.40 ± 0.03^d	17.5 ± 0.51^a	7.35 ± 0.25^b	3.30 ± 0.15^B	4.11 ± 0.01^c	BW
Staph.aureus	117.06 ± 9.48^a	10.12 ± 0.66^a	1.06 ± 0.04^a	0.45 ± 0.01^b	0.58 ± 0.02^b	0.17 ± 0.02^b	1.01 ± 0.03^c	56.08 ± 5.05^b	3.56 ± 0.33^c	5.02 ± 0.03^b	81.6 ± 3.65^a	3.01 ± 0.30^b	1.18 ± 0.00^c	C
ATCC29213	32.3 ± 0.20^c	2.67 ± 0.04^c	1.03 ± 0.07^a	0.40 ± 0.01^b	0.47 ± 0.04^c	0.21 ± 0.03^b	2.09 ± 0.20^a	5.87 ± 0.01^c	5.84 ± 0.43^b	11.7 ± 1.13^a	8.05 ± 0.40^c	4.20 ± 0.24^a	7.33 ± 0.49^a	OL
	23.2 ± 1.31^c	2.52 ± 0.16^c	0.51 ± 0.00^c	0.45 ± 0.01^b	0.26 ± 0.01^d	0.00 ± 0.00^c	1.25 ± 0.01^bc	10.31 ± 0.26^c	15.7 ± 0.69^a	6.71 ± 0.54^b	3.21 ± 0.20^c	2.08 ± 0.03^c	4.12 ± 0.05^b	OC
	54.3 ± 3.39^b	7.53 ± 0.10^b	0.83 ± 0.01^b	1.40 ± 0.08^a	0.73 ± 0.02^a	0.40 ± 0.00^a	1.42 ± 0.07^b	82.60 ± 2.63^a	14.5 ± 1.09^a	3.25 ± 0.01^c	52.7 ± 4.82^b	3.58 ± 0.49^b	3.82 ± 0.20^b	BW
Y. enterocolitica	73.0 ± 4.46^b	5.05 ± 0.35^b	0.40 ± 0.03^c	0.60 ± 0.04^b	0.10 ± 0.00^c	0.83 ± 0.07^a	0.99 ± 0.00^c	4.08 ± 0.21^b	14.1 ± 1.11^b	4.16 ± 0.27^c	15.7 ± 1.51^c	20.3 ± 1.18^b	3.70 ± 0.22^c	C
NCTC 11175	88.4 ± 3.03^a	6.88 ± 0.50^a	1.95 ± 0.13^a	0.74 ± 0.17^b	0.31 ± 0.01^b	0.20 ± 0.00^b	2.36 ± 0.10^a	3.88 ± 0.13^b	4.30 ± 0.40^c	9.38 ± 0.16^b	25.3 ± 1.22^b	36.6 ± 2.80^a	7.93 ± 0.02^a	OL
	26.2 ± 1.13^c	2.82 ± 0.26^c	1.18 ± 0.06^b	0.58 ± 0.03^b	0.37 ± 0.03^a	0.25 ± 0.04^b	1.95 ± 0.10^b	2.37 ± 0.17^c	5.08 ± 0.37^c	9.64 ± 0.34^b	18.1 ± 0.84^c	24.6 ± 1.68^b	6.14 ± 0.35^b	OC
	73.6 ± 2.59^b	7.11 ± 0.16^a	1.37 ± 0.05^b	1.23 ± 0.05^a	0.34 ± 0.02^a	0.86 ± 0.03^a	1.12 ± 0.01^c	6.35 ± 0.01^a	20.1 ± 1.45^a	18.3 ± 0.74^a	29.5 ± 1.31^a	14.2 ± 0.38^c	5.56 ± 0.05^b	BW
K. pneumoniae	46.7 ± 8.50^a	1.11 ± 0.45^c	0.35 ± 0.17^a	1.17 ± 0.01^b	0.23 ± 0.14^b	7.44 ± 0.13^a	0.09 ± 0.01^c	0.33 ± 0.11^c	5.54 ± 0.82^c	20.7 ± 1.70^a	40.7 ± 3.51^b	12.9 ± 0.20^b	5.25 ± 2.05^b	C
ATCC700603	29.6 ± 1.21^b	5.81 ± 0.34^a	0.62 ± 0.05^a	1.49 ± 0.03^b	0.17 ± 0.00^b	0.99 ± 0.06^d	0.89 ± 0.07^b	2.13 ± 0.12^b	8.00 ± 0.05^b	11.5 ± 0.84^c	9.18 ± 0.36^c	10.9 ± 0.08^c	8.98 ± 0.27^a	OL
	23.3 ± 2.64^b	1.22 ± 0.03^c	0.43 ± 0.02^a	5.50 ± 0.59^a	2.59 ± 0.34^a	1.44 ± 0.03^c	8.28 ± 0.37^a	4.27 ± 0.36^a	5.58 ± 0.05^c	10.3 ± 1.00^c	58.2 ± 2.72^a	28.6 ± 0.92^a	5.57 ± 0.39^b	OC
	25.2 ± 0.92^b	4.14 ± 0.21^b	0.49 ± 0.09^a	1.44 ± 0.14^b	0.07 ± 0.00^b	2.53 ± 0.15^b	0.82 ± 0.00^b	4.48 ± 0.39^a	12.2 ± 1.13^a	15.4 ± 0.51^b	6.94 ± 0.11^c	5.75 ± 0.50^d	5.84 ± 0.34^b	BW

*Data are expressed as mean value of three samples.

Mean value ± standard deviation.

AMN: ammonia, PUT: putrescine, CAD: cadaverine, SPD: spermidine, TRPT: tryptamine, PHEN: 2-phenylethyl amine, SPN: spermine, HIS: histamine, SER: serotonin, TYR: tyramine, TMA: trimethylamine, DOP: dopamine, AGM: agmatine, C: control group, OL: olive leaf extract, OC: olive cake, BW: black water.

^a–dIndicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between control and treated group in a row.