Functional properties of sonicated and non-sonicated extracted leaf protein concentrate from Diplazium esculentum

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of leaf protein concentrate (LPC) production by A: sonicated and B: non-sonicated Fellows^[9] methods.

Figure 2. A: DSC and B: TGA graphs of sonicated and non-sonicated LPC of Diplazium esculentum.

Figure 3. Contact-angle of (a): sonicated and (b): non-sonicated LPC of Diplazium esculentum.

Figure 4. FTIR and deconvoluted FTIR graphs of A: sonicated and B: non-sonicated LPC of Diplazium esculentum.

Table 1. Functional properties parameters of sonicated and non-sonicated LPC of Diplazium esculentum.

Sl. number	Name of the parameter	Sonicated LPC of Diplazium esculentum	Non-sonicated LPC of Diplazium esculentum
1.	Total protein content (%)	34.28 ± 0.64	9.89 ± 0.12
2.	Water absorption capacity (g of water/g of LPC)	8.36 ± 0.14	7.65 ± 0.15
3.	Oil absorption capacity (g of oil/g of LPC)	7.55 ± 0.20	7.41 ± 0.06
4.	Emulsion activity (%)	36.36 ± 0.14	31.10 ± 0.28
5.	Emulsion stability (%)	30 ± 0.02	25.0 ± 0.04
6.	Foaming capacity (%)	7.27 ± 0.14	6.99 ± 0.01
7.	Foaming stability (%)	5.21 ± 0.03	4.26 ± 0.06

Table 2. FTIR analysis of sonicated and non-sonicated LPC of Diplazium esculentum.

Sonicated LPC of Diplazium esculentum (cm^−^1)	Non-sonicated LPC of Diplazium esculentum (cm^−^1)	Function of bands
890	883	Out of plane/N-H bending
1090	1087	C-O stretch of α-anomer
1184	1180	OH and CO group stretching vibration
1292	1288	Amide III (CN stretching, NH bending)
1350	1349	CH2 vibration of α- anomer
1391	1390	CH3 bending vibration
1434	1427	CH2 bending vibration
1483	1479	CH3 asymmetric bending vibration of protein
1525	1522	Amide II (C-N stretching and NH-Bending
1565	1554	Amide II (C-N stretching and NH-Bending)
1637	1636	Amide I (C=O stretch)
1655	1654	Amide I (C=O stretch)
2866	2864	CH2 asymmetric stretching
2995	2990	CH3 asymmetric stretching

Table 3. Quantification of secondary structure of protein of Diplazium esculentum.

Extraction method	α-helix (%)	β-sheet (%)	Unordered	Turn (%)
Sonicated	49.06	33.59	N/A	42.02
Non-sonicated	69.16	17.02	N/A	35.68

Fellows, P. Village-Scale Leaf Fractionation in Ghana. Tropical Science 1987, 27, 77–84.

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