Inhibitory effect of Cynara cardunculus L. extract on aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus parasiticus in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Chromatographs of AFB_2a production: A: sesame seeds’ paste (15 g) inoculated with A. parasiticus on 12th day of observation (dilution 1:40); B: sesame seeds’ paste (15 g) inoculated with A. parasiticus and spiked with C. cardundulus L. head’s extract, on 12th day of observation. All samples were derivatized to AFB_2a. The injection volume was 40 mL.

Table 1. Inoculated samples.

YES (10 mL) + 10^2 conidia of A. parasiticus + 50 μL DMSO (control)

YES (10 mL) + 10^2 conidia of A. parasiticus + 50 μL of artichoke’s extract^a

Sesame seeds’ paste (15 g) + 10^2 conidia of A. parasiticus + 50 μL DMSO (control)

Sesame seeds’ paste (15 g) + 10^2 conidia of A. parasiticus + 50 μL of artichoke’s extract^a

YES (10 mL) + 10^2 conidia of A. parasiticus

Sesame seeds’ paste (15 g) + 10^2 conidia of A. parasiticus

Sesame seeds’ paste (15 g) + without additions (control)^b

^aConcentration of extract: 1 g fresh weight mL⁻¹ DMSO.

^bNon-inoculated, without extract addition.

Three flasks were used for each case and for each day of observation.

Figure 2. AFB₁ production by A. parasiticus in YES medium and sesame seeds’ paste. The AFB₁ amounts produced during the whole period of incubation in YES medium and sesame seeds’ paste were not significantly different between them.

Table 2. AFB₁ production (μg g⁻¹) by A. parasiticus in inoculated and in non-inoculated sesame seeds’ paste.

Days	Sesame seeds non-inoculated	Sesame seeds + A. parasiticus
0	1.33·10^−4 (±0.60 10^−4)	1.33 10^−4 ± 0.00
3	1.33 10^−4 (±0.40 10^−4)	0.08 ± 0.00
7	2.00 10^−4 (±0.13 10^−4)	0.24 ± 0.01
9	3.33·10^−4 (±0.07 10^−4)	0.32 ± 0.00
12	4.67 10^−4 (±0.73 10^−4)	0.17 ± 0.01
15	4.00·10^−4 (±0.40 10^−4)	0.11 ± 0.01

Table 3. AFB₁ production (μg mL⁻¹) by A. parasiticus in YES medium in comparison with AFB₁ production in YES with C. cardunculus L. head extract addition.

Days	YES + A. parasiticus +50 μL DMSO (control)	YES + A. parasiticus +50 μL of C. cardunculus L. heads extract^a
0	2.00 10^−4 (0.30 10^−4)	1.90·10^−4 (±0.17 10^−4)
3	0.36 ± 0.01	2.54·10^−4 (±0.28 10^−4)
7	0.46 ± 0.01	6.85·10^−4 (±0.13 10^−4)
9	0.53 ± 0.02	14.53 10^−4 (±0.78 10^−4)
12	0.58 ± 0.01	128.10 10^−4 (±5.01 10^−4)
15	1.91 ± 0.04	105.96 10^−4 (±6.87 10^−4)

^aConcentration of extract: 1 g fresh weight mL⁻¹ DMSO.

Figure 3. C. cardunculus L. heads extract inhibits significantly the AFB₁ production by A. parasiticus in YES medium in comparison to AFB₁ production in YES medium (control).

Table 4. AFB₁ production (μg g⁻¹) by A. parasiticus in inoculated sesame seeds’ paste with and without C. cardunculus L. head extract addition.

Days	Sesame seeds + A. parasiticus +50 μL DMSO (control)	Sesame seeds + A. parasiticus +50 μL of C. cardunculus L. heads extract (1 g mL^−1)^a
0	0.67 10^−4 (±0.00)	0.62·10^−4 (±0.02 10^−4)
3	0.07 ± 0.00	1.22·10^−4 (±0.06 10^−4)
7	0.24 ± 0.01	2.56·10^−4 (±0.12 10^−4)
9	0.32 ± 0.00	6.37·10^−4 (±0.83 10^−4)
12	0.16 ± 0.01	13.50·10^−4 (±1.17 10^−4)
15	0.10 ± 0.00	8.02 10^−4 (±0.30 10^−4)

^a Concentration of extract: 1 g fresh weight mL⁻¹ DMSO.

Figure 4. C. cardunculus L. heads extract inhibits significantly the AFB₁ production by A. parasiticus in sesame seeds’ paste in comparison to AFB₁ production in sesame seeds’ paste without the addition of C. cardunculus L. heads extract (control).