Chemical structure of sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweed (Turbinaria turbinata)

Figures & data

Table 1. Monosaccharide composition of sulphated polysaccharides obtained from T. turbinate.

Samples	Monosaccharide (%)
	Rahmnose	Fucose	Arabinose	Xylose	Mannose	Galactose	Glucose
TtF1	0.12±0.00^c	19.28± 0.00^b	0.50± 0.00^b	0.73± 0.00^b	41.86± 0.03^a	0.44± 0.00^c	35.53± 0.03^a
TtF2	0.19±0.00^b	8.32± 0.00^c	0.50± 0.00^b	0.41± 0.00^c	33.49± 0.09^b	9.75± 0.03^b	24.19± 0.03^b
TtF3	0.41±0.03^a	60.92± 0.09^a	0.62± 0.00^a	1.51± 0.00^a	4.46± 0.03^c	18.84± 0.03^a	13.18± 0.06^c

Values = mean ± standard deviation, n = 3.

Values in the same column with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.

Table 2. FTIR spectra of purified sulfated polysaccharide of T. turbinata in the frequency range 4000–400 cm.⁻¹

Samples	Frequency (cm^−1) of spectra
	1220–1260	825–840	3028–3423	2924.08	2350–2364.72	2121–2143	1635–1641
TtF1	1261.58	825.23	3450.52	2920.32	2355.34	2128.76	1635.28
TtF2	1259.72	820.31	3446.07	2920.32	2356.73	2125.32	1635.32
TtF3	1257.90	836.74	3455.32	2939.31	2363.06	2128.76	1635.79
Functional group	S=O	C-O-S	O-H	C-H	O-C-O or C-OH	C-H (fucose)	OH (Uronic)

Values = mean ± standard deviation, n = 3.

Values in the same column with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.

TtF1: sulfated polysaccharide fraction eluted with buffers that contained 0.4 NaCl in anion exchange chromatography.

TtF2: sulfated polysaccharide fraction eluted with buffers that contained 0.8M NaCl in anion exchange chromatography.

TtF3: sulfated polysaccharide fraction eluted with buffers that contained 1.2 M NaCl, in anion exchange chromatography.

Figure 1. FTIR spectra of sulfated polysaccharides obtained from T. turbinata. TtF1, TtF2, and TtF3 are sulfated polysaccharide fraction eluted with buffers that contained 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 M NaCl, respectively, in anion exchange chromatography.

Table 3. Molecular weight and polydispersity of sulfated polysaccharide fractions obtained from anion exchange chromatography of water soluble extract of T. turbinate.

Samples	Molecular mass moments (g/mol or Da)			Polydispersity
	Mw × 10^3	Mz × 10^3	Mn × 10^3	Mw/Mn	Mz/Mn
TtF1	223.50 ± 2.50^c	223.6 ± 0.03^c	223.1 ± 0.52^b	1.01	1.01
TtF2	495.50 ± 7.03^b	467.45 ± 8.20^b	413.76 ± 5.6^a	1.06	1.13
TtF3	326.05 ± 10.60^a	254.73 ± 2.8^a	166.49 ± 9.5^a	1.28	1.53

Values = mean ± standard deviation, n = 3.

Values in the same column with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.

TtF1: sulfated polysaccharide fraction eluted with buffers that contained 0.4 NaCl in anion exchange chromatography.

TtF2: sulfated polysaccharide fraction eluted with buffers that contained 0.8M NaCl in anion exchange chromatography.

TtF3: sulfated polysaccharide fraction eluted with buffers that contained 1.2 M NaCl, in anion exchange chromatography.

Figure 2. HPSEC-MAL-RI Chromatogram of different sulfated polysaccharide fractions from T. turbinata. A: TtF1; B: TtF2; and C: TtF3, LS: light scattering, RI: refractive index.

Figure 3. ¹H NMR spectra of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from T. turbinate.

Figure 4. Flow curve at 23°C, of different sulfated polysaccharide fractions of from T. turbinata using anion exchange chromatography. A: TtF1; B: TtF2; and C: TtF3.

Table 4. Steady shear rheological properties of sulfated polysaccharides of fucoidan from T. turbinate.

Sample	Concentration (%)	Flow behavior index, n	Viscosity, η (Pa. s)	Determination coefficient, R^Citation2
TtF1	0.25	0.9717	0.0018	0.9989
	0.50	1.1282	0.0027	0.9962
	1	1.0085	0.0049	0.9997
	2	0.9559	0.0152	0.993
TtF2	0.25	0.9477	0.0025	0.9954
	0.50	0.9508	0.004	0.999
	1	1.0174	0.0086	0.9999
	2	0.9983	0.0348	0.9999
TtF3	0.25	1.0218	0.0014	0.9955
	0.50	1.0512	0.0016	0.934
	1	0.9359	0.0018	0.9991
	2	0.9776	0.0026	0.9993

Figure 5. Consistency index of different fractions sulfated polysaccharide of T. turbinata.

Table 5. Temperature and weight loss characteristics of the sulfated polysaccharide fractions of T. turbinate.

Fractions	1st stage (25–200°C; moisture loss and pyrolysis)	2nd stage (200–500°C; major devolatilization)				3rd stage (500–800°C; minor devolatilization)		Total weight loss (%)
	WLo (%)	WL1 (%)	WL2 (%)	Ti (°C)	Tp (°C)	WL3 (%)	Tp2 (°C)
TtF1	11.142	33.78	15.54	200	240	13.61	580	75.80
TtF2	9.544	32.58	16.504	200	240	12.10	600	72.28
TtF3	8.202	33.22	9.72	200	260	none	None	54.66

Ti: staring devolatilization temperature; Tp: maximum devolatilization temperature; Te: end of main devolatilization; WL: weight loss.

Figure 6. TGA thermogram of sulfated polysaccharides obtained from T. turbinate. A: TtF1; B:TtF2; and C: TtF3.

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