Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of oil from wild Achillea setacea and A. vermicularis

Figures & data

Table 1. Main components of the essential oils from A. setacea and A. vermicularis.

	Percent composition (%)
Compounds	RI*	A. setacea	A. vermicularis
Santolina triene	909	0.52	nd
α-Pinene	935	0.61	nd
Sabinen	972	0.31	nd
β-Pinene	977	1.46	nd
p-Cymene	1027	nd	0.28
1, 8-cineol	1034	4.08	2.28
γ-Terpinene	1060	nd	0.29
Artemisia ketone	1063	2.2	nd
Cis-sabinene hydrate	1066	nd	1.60
Trans-sabinene hydrate	1093	nd	1.28
Linalool	1099	0.71	nd
Chrysanthenone	1125	nd	1.12
Cis-verbenol	1140	nd	0.63
Camphor	1145	0.61	18.8
Trans-chrysanthemol	1163	0.56	nd
Borneol	1167	1	13.08
Terpinen-4-ol	1176	nd	6.72
α-Terpineol	1188	3.03	3.69
Fragranol	1212	nd	2.09
Trans-carveol	1218	nd	0.68
Pulegone	1232	nd	0.21
Lavandulyl acetate	1279	5.12	nd
Verbenol acetate	1282	0.38	nd
Thymol	1289	1.51	1.87
Carvacrol	1299	nd	0.38
Piperitenone	1344	1.21	nd
α-Cubebene	1351	14.02	1.33
α-Copaene	1376	0.29	nd
α-Gurgujene	1407	0.42	nd
β-Caryophyllene	1418	0.98	0.59
α-Humulene	1455	0.27	nd
Germacrene D	1483	5.53	3.14
β-Selinene	1486	4.41	nd
Valencene	1491	2.46	1.6
Bicyclogermacrene	1492	0.47	nd
α-Chamigrene	1503	nd	5.13
(E,E)-α-Farnesene	1505	0.8	nd
β-Bisabolene	1510	0.68	1.31
γ-Cadinene	1515	046	nd
δ-Cadinene	1525	6.36	nd
(E)-Nerolidol	1564	20.01	1.44
Spathulenol	1576	5.16	2.96
Epiglobulol	1578	nd	1.95
Caryophyllene oxide	1582	2.95	4.12
β-Selinenol	1644	4.87	nd
(Z)-α-Bisabolene epoxide	1675	nd	1
Farnesol	1712	0.15	nd
Monoterpene hydrocarbons		2.9	0.57
Oxygenated monoterpenes		17.17	54.55
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons	37.36		14.61
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes	33.18		16.22
Total	90.61	85.95

nd: not found; RI*: retention indices as determined on HP-5MS column.

Table 2. The fatty acids composition (%) of A. setacea and A. vermicularis by GC.

			Concentration (%)
Fatty acid	Chemical formula	Acronym	A. setacea	A. vermicularis
Capric acid	C10H20O2	C10:0	10.3	8.71
Lauric acid	C12H24O2	C12:0	3.38	11.7
Myristic acid	C14H28O2	C14:0	13.36	18.62
Palmitic acid	C16H32O2	C16:0	33.45	38.86
Palmitoleic acid	C16H30O2	C16:1	4.24	1.71
Stearic acid	C18H36O2	C18:0	4.24	0.58
Oleic acid	C18H34O2	C18:1	2.4	nd
Linoleic acid (ω-6)	C18H32O2	C18:2	8.04	5
Linolenic acid(ω-3)	C18H30O2	C18:3	1.5	1.28
Arachidic acid	C20H40O2	C20:0	11.15	8.86
Behenic acid	C22H44O2	C22:0	1.78	nd
Erucic acid	C22H42O2	C22:1	nd	1.66
Lignoceric acid	C24H48O2	C24:0	5.74	3.02
Saturated fatty acids			83.4	90.35
Monounsaturated fatty acids			6.64	3.37
Polyunsaturated fatty acids			9.9	6.24

nd: not detected.

Table 3. Content of phenolic compounds in essential oil of Achillea species.

		Plant material (mg g^−1 DW)
Compound	RT	A. setacea	A. vermicularis
Rutin	9.4	nd	nd
Galic acid	13.2	1.22 ± 0.09	1.17 ± 0.09
Caffeic acid	32.2	3.12 ± 0.06	2.66 ± 0.08
4-Hydroxy benzoic acid	37.52	2.91 ± 0.3	2.87 ± 0.2
Vanillic acid	38.92	0.24 ± 0.09	2.85 ± 0.2
p-coumaric acid	39.38	1.41 ± 0.3	8.59 ± 0.5
Syringic acid	40.12	2.89 ± 0.01	5.37 ± 0.05
Ferulic acid	41.84	2.94 ± 0.02	3.66 ± 0.3
Sinapic acid	42.35	31.33 ± 0.6	2.99 ± 0.01

RT: retention time (min).

Each value is presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3).

nd: not detected; DW: dry weight basis.

Table 4. The content of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity parameters in essential oil of Achillea species.

Samples	TPC (mg GAE g^−1	TFC (mg QUE g^−1)	DPPH (%)	IC50 (µg mL^−1)
A. setacea	158.67 ± 0.93	70.72 ± 0.61	75.82 ± 0.06	28.87 ± 0.8
A. vermicularis	154.97 ± 1.06	88.75 ± 1.02	73.32 ± 1.24	30.63 ± 1.04

Each value is the mean ± SD of three independent measurements.

GAE: gallic acid equivalents; QUE: rutin equivalents.