Anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of commonly available cephalopods

Figures & data

Table 1. Anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities (IC₉₀, mg/mL) of the EtOAc-MeOH extracts of the cephalopods.

	A. marginatus	U. duvauceli	S. pharaonis	S. inermis	C. indicus
Anti-diabetic activities
^†α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity	2.79 ± 0.10^a	4.75 ± 0.09^b	5.37 ± 0.15^c	2.42 ± 0.12^d	2.83 ± 0.05^a
^†α-Amylase inhibitory activity	2.50 ± 0.01^a	1.71 ± 0.15^b	1.96 ± 0.05^c	1.76 ± 0.05^b	1.69 ± 0.03^b
^†DPP-4 inhibitory activity	3.60 ± 0.02^a	4.54 ± 0.05^b	5.37 ± 0.06^c	3.35 ± 0.10^a	2.51 ± 0.04^d
Anti-inflammatory activities
^†COX-1 inhibitory activity	1.38 ± 0.08^a	2.20 ± 0.04^b	1.50 ± 0.06^c	1.42 ± 0.03^c	1.03 ± 0.01^d
^†COX-2 inhibitory activity	1.50 ± 0.02^a	2.08 ± 0.05^b	1.73 ± 0.02^c	1.52 ± 0.01^a	1.10 ± 0.10^d
^†5-LOX inhibitory activity	2.83 ± 0.02^a	2.42 ± 0.10^b	2.37 ± 0.10^c	2.27 ± 0.03^d	1.69 ± 0.10^e

The samples were analyzed in triplicate (n = 3) and expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

Means followed by the different superscripts (a–d) within the same row indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

^†The IC₉₀ values were expressed as mg/mL.

IC₅₀ value could not be calculated because of the greater percentage of inhibition exhibited by different antioxidant assays.

Figure 1. Proton integral values in characteristic regions of ¹H-NMR spectra acquired from the EtOAc-MeOH extracts of the five cephalopod species. The protons at the characteristic regions of the ¹H-NMR spectra were integrated to get the proton integral (ΣH) in specific regions (δ0.5–2.0 saturated hydrocarbons; δ2.0–2.5 functionalized hydride group of alkyl alkanoates/allylic/acetyl groups; δ 2.5–3.5 functionalized hydride of the substituted alkanol/methoxy; δ 3.5–6.5 protons of the parent hydride group of alkyl alkanoates/olefinic; δ 6.5–8.5 aryl protons).

Figure 2. The ¹H-NMR spectra of EtOAc-MeOH extracts of A: A. marginatu; B: U. duvauceli; C: S. pharaonis; D: S. inermis; and E: C. indicus. Chemical shift (δ) values were expressed in ppm, and were referenced to solvent signals of CDCl₃.