A comparative study on anthocyanin, saponin, and oil profiles of black and red seed coat peanut (Arachis hypogacea) grown in China

Figures & data

Table 1. Information of peanut cultivars.

Sample code	Sample name	Colour	Place of origin	Year of cropping	Source
1	Heiba No. 1	Dark brown	Tai’ an, Shandong	2013	Taian Lvde Agricultural Co., Ltd.
2	Heifeng No. 1	Dark brown	Sichuan	2013	Sichuan Nongweixian Agricultural Products
3	Xuzhou	Black	Nanjing, Jiangsu	2013	Crop Research Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences
4	Tangshan	Light brown	Tangshan, Hebei	2013	Tangshan Liyuan Co., Ltd
5	Zhonghua No. 16	Pink	Nanjing, Jiangsu	2013	Crop Research Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences
6	Taihua No. 5	Light yellow	Nanjing, Jiangsu	2013	Crop Research Institute, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences
7	Zhenzhuhei	Black	Zhanjiang, Guangdong	2014	Peanut Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
8	Zhenzhuhong No. 1	Light red	Zhanjiang, Guangdong	2014	Peanut Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
9	Yueyong No. 13	Light yellow	Zhanjiang, Guangdong	2014	Peanut Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
10	Commercial product	Dark red	Hubei	2014	Guangzhou public market

Figure 1. Morphology and appearance of 10 peanut cultivars.

Table 2. Color (CIE L*, a*, b*) and ΔE of 10 peanut cultivars.

Sample code	Sample name	Portions	L*^p	a*^p	b*^p	ΔE^p
1	Heiba No. 1	Raw peanut	26.967 ± 0.31^n	10.697 ± 0.47^ijk	−1.037 ± 0.24	68.370 ± 0.30^b
		Boiled peanut	56.430 ± 0.54^h	10.117 ± 1.23^ijk	6.400 ± 0.28^g	39.413 ± 0.43^i
2	Heifeng No. 1	Raw peanut	28.307 ± 0.20^lm	13.237 ± 1.60^gh	−1.177 ± 0.11^j	67.547 ± 0.33^b
		Boiled peanut	63.380 ± 0.78^f	10.290 ± 0.99^ijk	6.240 ± 0.43^g	32.847 ± 1.10^k
3	Xuzhou	Raw peanut	27.400 ± 0.70^mn	5.077 ± 0.49^m	−1.953 ± 0.43^jk	67.973 ± 0.76^b
		Boiled peanut	40.983 ± 0.70^k	10.633 ± 0.03^ijk	4.920 ± 0.23^h	54.447 ± 0.70^d
4	Tangshan	Raw peanut	28.717 ± 0.36^l	15.477 ± 0.367^f	−1.260 ± 0.36^j	67.647 ± 0.30^b
		Boiled peanut	55.307 ± 0.59^i	8.973 ± 0.23^k	5.040 ± 0.21^h	40.100 ± 0.61^hi
5	Zhonghua No. 16	Raw peanut	67.523 ± 0.73^c	24.773 ± 0.45^b	27.727 ± 0.99^a	44.083 ± 0.72^f
		Boiled peanut	74.263 ± 1.09^b	11.997 ± 0.11^hi	14.410 ± 0.56^d	26.000 ± 1.10^l
6	Taihua No. 5	Raw peanut	66.160 ± 0.61^d	21.267 ± 1.41^c	23.613 ± 0.28^b	40.870 ± 0.95^h
		Boiled peanut	75.023 ± 0.57^b	10.857 ± 0.57^ij	13.130 ± 0.69^e	24.343 ± 0.87^m
7	Zhenzhuhei	Raw peanut	22.993 ± 0.22°	6.640 ± 0.45^m	−2.283 ± 0.23^k	71.853 ± 0.20^a
		Boiled peanut	42.837 ± 0.67^j	11.510 ± 0.79^hi	2.517 ± 0.76^i	52.830 ± 0.83^e
8	Zhenzhuhong No. 1	Raw peanut	40.823 ± 0.38^k	35.263 ± 3.39^a	12.837 ± 0.51^e	66.290 ± 0.71^c
		Boiled peanut	59.953 ± 0.35^g	14.863 ± 0.26^fg	8.557 ± 0.11^f	37.957 ± 0.39^j
9	Yueyou No. 13	Raw peanut	64.640 ± 0.47^e	19.367 ± 0.83^d	19.440 ± 0.93^c	39.097 ± 0.44^i
		Boiled peanut	77.470 ± 0.66^a	8.857 ± 0.18^jk	12.870 ± 1.40^e	21.413 ± 0.91^n
10	Commercial Product	Raw peanut	41.550 ± 0.39^k	36.933 ± 0.43^a	13.150 ± 0.43^e	65.420 ± 0.25^c
		Boiled peanut	59.867 ± 0.46^g	13.200 ± 0.45^gh	8.050 ± 0.21^f	37.323 ± 0.27^j

^pValues are mean ± standard deviation of triplicates.

^a-oMeans with the same letter in a column are not significantly (p < 0.05) different.

Table 3. Total saponin content (mg/g) of peanuts *

Sample name	Seed coat	Raw whole	Cotyledon	Boiled whole
Heiba No. 1	239.23 ± 3.45^c	4.76 ± 0.16^ef	2.71 ± 0.10^i	2.71 ± 0.15^ijk
Heifeng No. 1	199.27 ± 2.65^d	4.68 ± 0.37^efg	2.54 ± 0.20^i	1.87 ± 0.16^jk
Xuzhou	171.04 ± 13.32^f	10.66 ± 0.50^b	2.61 ± 0.37^h	2.27 ± 0.10^ijk
Tangshan	108.08 ± 4.28^g	5.10 ± 0.16^e	4.58 ± 0.39^fg	1.86 ± 0.09^k
Zhonghua No. 16	381.45 ± 13.57^a	10.60 ± 0.46^a	4.44 ± 0.38^fg	3.31 ± 0.16^h
Taihua No. 5	277.84 ± 2.84^b	4.77 ± 0.35^ef	3.58 ± 0.04^h	2.64 ± 0.25^i
Zhenzhuhei	175.59 ± 6.17^ef	6.43 ± 0.16^cd	4.50 ± 0.24^fg	4.25 ± 0.23^g
Zhenzhuhong No. 1	194.32 ± 4.77^de	6.99 ± 0.68^c	3.56 ± 0.31^h	3.56 ± 0.20^h
Yueyou No. 13	276.99 ± 26.48^b	7.14 ± 0.21^b	3.56 ± 0.29^h	2.54 ± 0.08^ij
Commercial Product	200.63 ± 10.25^d	6.64 ± 0.20^d	2.68 ± 0.16^i	3.12 ± 0.17^h

*Values are mean ± standard deviation of duplicates. Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly (p< 0.05) different.

Table 4. Distribution of cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside in peanuts.

Sample code	Cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside content (mg/g)
	Whole kernel	Seed coat	Cotyledon
1	0.20 ± 0.01^a*	6.70 ± 0.04^c	ND
2	0.08 ± 0.00^a	4.65 ± 0.10^b	ND
3	0.17 ± 0.01^a	8.76 ± 0.67^d	ND
4	0.04 ± 0.00^a	4.35 ± 0.29^b	ND
5	ND**	0.11 ± 0.00^a	ND
6	ND	0.02 ± 0.49^a	ND
7	0.38 ± 0.01^a	20.53 ± 0.01^e	ND
8	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.23 ± 0.01^a	ND
9	ND	0.11 ± 0.01^a	ND
10	ND	0.03 ± 0.00^a	ND

*Values marked with the same letters have no significant difference (p < 0.05).

**ND = Not detected.

Table 5. Oil content in peanuts.

Sample name	Moisture content (g/100 g dry solids)	Oil content (g/100g) (wet weight basis)*	Oil content (g/100g) (dry weight basis) *
Heiba No. 1	7.34	45.8 ± 0.03^c	49.5 ± 0.03^abc
Heifeng No. 1	3.48	49.4 ± 0.28^abc	51.2 ± 0.29^ab
Xuzhou	9.80	45.4 ± 0.02^c	50.3 ± 0.02^ab
Tangshan	1.90	50.4 ± 0.08^ab	51.4 ± 0.09^ab
Zhonghua No. 16	3.76	49.0 ± 0.21^abc	50.9 ± 0.22^ab
Taihua No. 5	3.47	50.9 ± 0.33^ab	52.7 ± 0.34^ab
Zhenzhuhei	3.96	43.7 ± 0.10^c	45.5 ± 0.10^c
Zhenzhuhong No. 1	5.61	47.0 ± 0.02^bc	49.8 ± 0.02^abc
Yueyou No. 13	1.96	44.6 ± 0.16^c	45.5 ± 0.17^c
Commercial product	1.76	52.0 ± 0.18^ab	52.9 ± 0.18^a

*Values are mean ± standard deviation of triplicates. Values marked with the same letter in the same column are not significantly (p < 0.05) different.