Radix Angelica sinensis soup production by decocting process using high pressure

Figures & data

Table 1. Calibration date used for quantification of bioactive compounds of RAS decoction by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode-Array Detector.

Nr	Compounds	Slope	Y-intercept	R^2a
1	Ferulic acid	19532.5575	−5.3661213	0.999
2	Z-Ligustilide	9146.6607	2.7157259	0.999

^aCoefficient of determination of regression curve.

Table 2. Factors and levels for the Box-Bhehnken experimental design.

Level	Factors
	X1 Decocting temperature (ͦC)	X2 Decocting time (min)	X3 Solid/liquid ratio
−1	120	15	1:35
0	130	30	1:40
1	140	45	1:45

Table 3. The Box-Behnken experimental design with responses.

Run	Temperature (ͦC)	Time (min)	Liquid/solid ratio (mL/g)	Ferulic acid+ Z-Ligustilide (mg/g)	Overall liking
1	130	30	40:1	1.4482	6.00
2	130	15	45:1	1.2223	4.75
3	120	30	45:1	1.2496	5.85
4	140	45	40:1	1.3361	4.25
5	120	45	40:1	1.2399	7.50
6	120	15	40:1	1.4120	6.75
7	130	45	35:1	1.1164	6.80
8	130	30	40:1	1.4529	6.25
9	130	15	35:1	1.3658	7.00
10	130	30	40:1	1.4321	6.30
11	140	15	40:1	1.2470	5.40
12	130	45	45:1	1.3125	6.70
13	120	30	35:1	1.0584	7.35
14	140	30	35:1	1.1080	6.25
15	140	30	45:1	1.1646	5.75

Figure 1. Response surface plots reflecting the effects of process parameters on mark ingredients: A: temperature versus time, X₃ = 40:1 mL/g; B: temperature versus liquid/solid ratio, X₂ = 30 min; C: time versus liquid/solid ratio, X₁ = 130°C.

Figure 2. Response surface plots reflecting the effects of process parameters on acceptability (overall liking): A: temperature versus time, X3 = 37:1 mL/g; B: temperature versus liquid/solid ratio, X2 = 40 min; C: time versus liquid/solid ratio, X1 = 125°C.

Table 4. Predicted and experimental values of the responses obtained under the optimal extraction conditions.

	Decocting temperature (°C)	Decocting time (min)	Liquid/solid ratio	Y1(mg/g)	Y2	Desirability
Predicted	125.38	15	36.69:1	1.415	6.908	0.859
Experimental	125.00	15	37.00:1	1.392	7.200
RE (%)				−1.625	4.227

Table 5. Predominant odourants identified in optimum decoction by dilution analysis of GC split ratio.

Nr	Compound name	RI^a		Odour property^b	FD^c	Concentration^d
		DB-wax	DB-5
1	α-Pinene	1022	936	pine, wood-like	81	3.71
2	Hexanal	1081	801	cut grass	81	3.47
3	β-Pinene	1102	981	pine, wood-like	27	1.32
4	Heptanal	1185	905	citrus	9	3.58
5	Pyridine	1188	822	rancid	9	1.20
6	2-Hexenal	1220	854	green	9	1.55
7	4-Octanone	1227	-	herbal	9	0.89
8	2-Pentyl-furan	1231	993	butter-like	27	0.15
9	β-Ocimene	1234	1038	herbal	27	0.22
10	2-Octanone	1287	999	soap-like	9	0.36
11	Octanal	1290	1000	green, lemon-like	81	13.92
12	2-Heptenal	1327	957	fatty	9	1.55
13	6-Butyl-1,4-cycloheptadiene	1336	-	hay-like, wood-like	27	0.22
14	2-Nonanone	1392	1101	sweet	27	1.23
15	Nonanal	1396	1105	green, citrus	9	2.20
16	3,5-Octadien-2-ol	1411	-	earthy	9	0.94
17	Pentyl-benzene	1418	-	paint	3	1.11
18	2-Octenal	1435	1060	nutty, fatty	9	1.73
19	Furfural	1466	835	sweet, bread-like	81	11.89
20	α-Campholenal	1496	-	mint-like, pine-like	27	0.55
21	Decanal	1502	1209	orange peel, soap-like	9	0.93
22	Benzaldehyde	1529	960	almond-like	81	6.04
23	6-Undecanone	1531	1269	herbal, medicine-like, earthy	243	2.02
24	2-Nonenal	1541	1162	green, cucumber-like	9	1.23
25	1-Terpinen-4-ol	1610	1179	pine-like	9	1.71
26	6-Undecanol	1677	-	green, lemon-like	9	1.26
27	α-Terpineol	1704	1195	oil, mint-like	9	6.39
28	2,4-Dimethyl-benzaldehyde	1754	1183	burnt sugar	3	15.24
29	Cuparene	1835	1502	pine-like, green	9	0.46
30	1-Phenyl-1-pentanone	1910	-	almond	3	55.08
31	2-Methyl-benzothiazole	1953	1292	burnt, pungent	27	0.16
32	Benzothiazole	1969	1223	rubber-like, caramel	27	18.77
33	2,4,5-Trimethyl-benzaldehyde	1998	1357	burnt sugar	3	76.58
34	Spathulenol	2136	1619	herb-like, fruity	27	84.83
35	2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol	2201	1313	curry-like	81	32.79
36	2-Methylthio-benzothiazole	2450	1601	smoky, fatty	9	0.15
37	Butylidenephthalide	2553	1681	herbal, pine-like	81	504.62
38	Ligustilide	2625	1753	herbal, pine-like	81	925.98

^aRetention indices were calculated on the basis of retention times of the standard n-alkanes, RI = 100N+100n(t_R,a−t_R,N)/(t_R(N+n) −t_R,N), where N is the carbon number of the lower alkane and n is the difference in carbon number of the two n-alkanes that bracket the component; t_R,a, t_R,N, and t_R(N+n) are the retention times of the unknown component, the lower alkane, and the upper alkane, respectively. ^bOdour descriptors are those used by all assessors, with most frequently used terms cited first. ^cFD factors were determined by varying the injector split ratio (1, 3, 9, 27, and so on) which none of the panelist could detect the smell of one compound in the olfactory detecting port. ^dConcentration of each compounds was determined by internal standard method shown in ‘Quantification of the volatile compounds’ (unit ng/g).