Compression behaviour of bulk rapeseed: Effects of heat treatment, force, and speed

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic of pressing vessel diameter D of 60 mm with plunger.

Table 1. Determined amounts with varying pressing height, force, speed, and heat treatment temperature.

Factors	Factor level	Deformation (mm)	Energy (J)	Oil yield (%)
Pressing height ^a, b (mm)	20	10.95 ± 0.06	231.08 ± 1.91	17.80 ± 0.46
	40	19.87 ± 0.03	324.96 ± 1.26	12.99 ± 0.24
	60	29.54 ± 0.07	464.93 ± 0.88	13.21 ± 0.27
	80	38.08 ± 0.04	567.57 ± 0.62	12.64 ± 0.01
	100	48.74 ± 0.09	757.72 ± 2.40	12.88 ± 0.01
Force ^a, c (kN)	40	45.10 ± 0.03	538.99 ± 1.19	8.10  ± 0.21
	60	48.21 ± 0.05	678.35 ± 1.97	10.81 ± 0.13
	80	47.59 ± 0.03	727.90 ± 2.56	12. 23 ± 0.10
	100	47.07 ± 0.10	756.64 ± 2.11	13.16 ± 0.39
	120	50.43 ± 0.09	1045.59 ± 2.33	15.14 ± 0.02
Speed ^b, d (mm min^−1)	5	29.70 ± 0.18	482.79 ± 1.42	16.03 ± 0.17
	10	29.64 ± 0.52	469.65 ± 3.69	13.40 ± 0.46
	15	28.15 ± 0.24	458.30 ± 12.48	12.47 ± 0.13
	20	28.13 ± 0.12	453.36 ± 10.62	11.58 ± 0.36
	25	27.86 ± 0.13	452.63 ± 9.43	11.18 ± 0.10
Temperature ^a, b, d (°C)	45	30.05 ± 0.09	503.40 ± 5.57	15.55 ± 0.92
	60	29.71 ± 0.28	513.54 ± 19.50	15.98 ± 0.43
	75	30.65 ± 0.78	555.24 ± 10.54	19.37 ± 1.26
	90	30.56 ± 0.33	550.17 ± 8.19	19.74 ± 1.22
	105	31.44 ± 1.63	580.45 ± 7.52	22.50 ± 0.54

^aAt a constant speed of 10 mm min⁻¹; ^bConstant force of 100 kN; ^cBulk rapeseed pressing height of 60 mm; ^dBulk rapeseed pressing height of 100 mm.

Table 2. Correlation analyzes of determined amounts in relation to the factors.

Determined amounts	Factors	R	Frat	Fcrit	P-value
Deformation (mm)	Height (mm)	0.99	11811	2.27	<0.05
	Force (kN)	0.78	20.22	2.27	<0.05
	Speed (mm min^−1)	–0.88	45.06	2.27	<0.05
	Temperature (°C)	0.57	6.27	2.27	<0.05
Energy (J)	Height (mm)	0.99	866.24	2.27	<0.05
	Force (kN)	0.93	83.98	2.27	<0.05
	Speed (mm min^−1)	–0.81	23.87	2.27	<0.05
	Temperature (°C)	0.93	81.08	2.27	<0.05
Oil yield (%)	Height (mm)	−0.73	14.97	2.27	<0.05
	Forces (kN)	0.98	332.87	2.27	<0.05
	Speed (mm min^−1)	–0.94	89.88	2.27	<0.05
	Temperature (°C)	0.93	81.08	2.27	<0.05

Significant (p < 0.05 or F_rat > F_crit).

Figure 2. Relationship between oil yield and speed of bulk rapeseed at a speed of 10 mm min⁻¹.

Figure 3. Relationship between oil yield and compressive force of bulk rapeseed at a speed of 10 mm min⁻¹.

Figure 4. Relationship between oil yield and temperature of bulk rapeseed at a speed of 10 mm min^−1.

Figure 5. Compressive force and deformation curves of bulk rapeseed at varying speeds.

Figure 6. Compressive force and deformation characteristics of bulk rapeseed at a speed of 10 mm min⁻¹.

Table 3. Oil point amounts of bulk rapeseed at speed 10 mm min⁻¹.

Deformationlevel (mm)	Oil point strain (–)	Oil point force (kN)	Oil point energy (J)
10.95	0.11^e	4.11 ± 0.87	20.64 ± 0.67
19.87	0.20^e	7.87 ± 0.76	69.75 ± 0.28
29.54	0.30^e	14.34 ± 0.58	165.65 ± 0.86
38.08	0.38^f	24.12 ± 0.76	333.81 ± 0.26
48.74	0.49^g	112.15 ± 0.85	918.51 ± 0.52

^eNo oil point; ^fLower oil point; ^gUpper oil point.

Tickel, J. From the Fryer to the Fuel Tork. the Complete Guide to Using Vegetable Oil as an Alternative Fuel; Green Teach Publishing, Sarasota, FL, USA, 2000.

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