Templating effects of dipalmitin on soft palm mid-fraction crystals

Figures & data

Figure 1. Solid fat content (g/100 g) of soft PMF, PMF0.5 with 0.5 g/100 g of PP, and PMF1.0 with 1 g/100g of PP, at various temperatures.

Table 1. The Avrami parameters of isothermal crystallization from soft palm mid-fraction (PMF) and their blends with dipalmitin (PP).

Samples	tsfc (min)	SFCmax (g/100g)	k (min^−1)	n	t1/2 (min)	R^2
PMF	27 ± 1.41 ^a	49.56 ± 0.36 ^a	8.06 × 10^−7 a	2.78 ± 0.004 ^a	135.71 ± 1.14 ^a	0.99
PMF0.5	14 ± 0.47 ^b	52.48 ± 0.15 ^b	1.48 × 10^−5 b	2.02 ± 0.01 ^b	103.97 ± 0.27 ^b	0.99
PMF1.0	9 ± 0.47 ^c	54.08 ± 0.17 ^c	9.36 × 10^−5 c	1.82 ± 0.06 ^c	94.73 ± 2.38 ^c	0.99

t_sfc: induction time; SFC_max: maximum solid fat content; k: crystallization rate; n: crystal morphology; t_1/2: crystallization half-time. Means represented by the different letters in all columns indicate that the samples are statistically different (p<0.05) by Tukey’s test.

See Fig. 1 for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 2. Isothermal crystallization at 17.5°C of pure soft PMF, PMF0.5 with 0.5 g/100 g of PP, and PMF1.0 with 1 g/100 g of PP.

Table 2. Mean crystal diameter (Dm) and total crystallized area (C_A) of soft palm mid-fraction (PMF) with dipalmitin (PP).

Samples	Dm (μm)	CA (%)
PMF	6.47 ± 0.58^b	11.53 ± 0.17a
PMF0.5	10.44 ± 0.43^a	14.28 ± 0.49a
PMF1.0	8.25 ± 0.81^b	21.86 ± 2.21 b

Means represented by the different letters in both columns indicate that the samples are statistically different (p < 0.05) by Tukey’s test.

See Fig. 1 for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 3. Polarized light micrograph of the crystal structure obtained under static isothermal crystallization at 17.5°C, for 3 h (PMF [A],PMF0.5[B], PMF1.0[C]), and at 25° C for 1 day (PMF [D], PMF0.5[F], PMF 1.0[H]) and 7 days (PMF [E], PMF0.5 [G], PMF1.0 [I]), magnification of 40x (scale bar = 50 μm).

Table 3. Consistency expressed as yield value (Pa), measured at 25°C, of blends of soft palm mid-fraction (PMF) and dipalmitin (PP).

Yield value
Samples	1 Day	7 Days	14 Days	21 Days
PMF	173.52 ± 2.75 ^abc	291.43 ± 4.94 ^d	428.96 ± 1.99 ^g	450.29 ± 1.06 ^g
PMF0.5	165.21 ± 1.95 ^ab	202.51 ± 1.45 ^c	394.73 ± 0.64 ^f	436.87 ± 1.57 ^g
PMF1.0	150.84 ± 0.75 ^a	194.43 ± 1.83 ^bc	359.95 ± 2.32 ^e	355.27 ± 2.27 ^e

Values are shown as mean ± standard deviation of triplicate. Means represented by different letters in all columns at the same temperature indicate that the samples are statistically different (p < 0.05) by Tukey’s test.

See Fig. 1 for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 4. Thermal behavior of the PMF samples, PMF, PMF0.5, and PMF1.0; (A) crystallization curves; (B) melting curves on zero time; (C) melting curves after 1 day; (D) melting curve of pure dipalmitin; (E) melting curves after 7 days; (F) melting curves after 14 days; (G) melting curves after 21 days. See Fig. 1 for an explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 5. Diffractograms of pure soft PMF (A), PMF0.5 (B), and PMF1.0 (C) after 1, 7, 14, and 21 days at 25°C. See Fig. 1 for an explanation of abbreviations.