Antioxidant profile, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and platelet aggregation of polyphenols and proteins from germinating green gram (Vigna radiata)

Figures & data

Table 1. Contents of protein and phenolics in exudates obtained from green gram seeds at two different temperatures.

Parameter	Room-temperature exudate	Warm seed exudate
Protein content (mg/g exudate)	26.96 ± 1.25	41.39 ± 2.49
Polyphenol content (mg GAE/g exudate)	48.84 ± 3.12	87.58 ± 4.78
Flavonoid content (mg CAE/g exudate)	43.04 ± 0.89	56.38 ± 2.41
Tannin content (mg CAE/g exudate)	71.48 ± 4.61	98.90 ± 4.56

All results are expressed as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments.

Figure 1. DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power capacity of exudates obtained at two different temperatures.

Table 2. Phenolic acids and flavonoids identified in the ethanol extract of warm seed exudates using RP-HPLC.

Compounds	Concentration (mg/g)
Phenolic acids
Gallic acid	10.05^b ± 1.24
Ferulic acid	7.56^a ± 0.45
Sinapic acid	8.21^ab ± 0.58
Flavonoids
Vitexin	15.36^c ± 1.34
Isovitexin	11.28^b ± 0.86

Values are mean ± SD. Values with different letters within the same column differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.

Figure 2. Antioxidative property of ethanol extract of warm seed exudate from green gram and BHA. (A) DPPH radical scavenging property. (B) Reducing power capacity.

Figure 3. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitory property of ethanol extract of warm seed exudate from green gram.

Figure 4. SDS-PAGE of seed exudate proteins.

Figure 5. Elution profile of exudate proteins on gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100 (column size: 145 cm × 1.27 cm).

Table 3. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by total proteins of warm seed exudate and its protein fractions.

Sample	Acetylcholine esterase inhibition (IC50 μg/ml)
Total protein of seed exudate	20.28^c ± 0.24
150 kDa protein (Peak 1)	ND
66 kDa (Peak 2)	ND
29 kDa (Peak 3)	8.04^b ± 0.16
12.4 kDa (Peak 4)	6.82^a ± 0.47

ND: not detected; values are mean ± SD. Values with different letters within the same column differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.

Table 4. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by total proteins warm seed exudate and its protein fractions.

Sample	% of inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by ADP
	0.25 mg/ml	0.5 mg/ml	1.0 mg/ml
Total warm seed exudate protein	7.50^a ± 2.12	35.89^c ± 2.24	66.66^c ± 3.26
Peak 1	12.00^b ± 0.96	42.34^d ± 2.16	83.16^d ± 4.19
Peak 2	ND	ND	ND
Peak 3	ND	13.45^a ± 0.24	16.29^a ± 0.08
Peak 4	11.04^ab ± 1.23	19.28^b ± 1.68	36.49^b ± 0.97

All results expressed as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments; ND: not detected; values with different letters within the same column differ significantly at p ≤ 0.05.