Boiling point and specific heat of meat extract

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the meat broth concentration process: (a) sterilization step; (b) three-effect evaporation system.

Figure 2. Apparatus used for the experimental measurement of boiling point temperature.

Figure 3. A: Experimental values for boiling point temperature of meat extract (T_A) as a function of pressure (P) and soluble solids concentration (W); B: dependence of T_A on the boiling point of pure water at the same pressure (T_A0) and W; C: dependence of meat extract vapor pressure (ln P) on T_A and on W using Eq. (2); D: dependence of the boiling point elevation (∆T_B) of meat extract P and on W using Eq. (3); E: dependence of the specific heat (c_P) of meat extract on temperature (T) and on W using the best model fitted (Eq. 5).

Table 1. Fitted parameters for Dühring’s rule (Eq. 1) and Antoine Equation (Eq. 2) of meat extract at different soluble solid concentrations.

	Dühring’s rule				Antoine equation
W (°Brix)	Parameter	Value	R^2	MRE (%)	Parameter	Value	R^2	MRE (%)
1	m0	−1.025	0.999	0.017	A	18.603	0.999	0.050
					B	4019.1
	m1	1.004
					C	−37.922
5	m0	−1.235	0.999	0.017	A	18.600	0.999	0.047
					B	4019.6
	m1	1.005
					C	−37.919
10	m0	−1.280	0.999	0.018	A	18.604	0.999	0.058
					B	4020.6
	m1	1.005
					C	−38.004
20	m0	−1.202	0.999	0.013	A	18.587	0.999	0.035
					B	4022.7
	m1	1.007
					C	−38.196
30	m0	−1.996	0.999	0.019	A	18.564	0.999	0.052
					B	4026.6
	m1	1.012
					C	−38.163
35	m0	−2.568	0.999	0.015	A	18.553	0.999	0.044
					B	4027.7
	m1	1.014
					C	−38.057
40	m0	−3.373	0.999	0.019	A	18.529	0.999	0.053
					B	4032.3
	m1	1.019
					C	−38.086
45	m0	−3.856	0.999	0.041	A	17.661	0.999	0.108
					B	4034.8
	m1	1.022
					C	−37.99
50	m0	−4.138	0.999	0.036	A	18.503	0.999	0.102
					B	4037.1
	m1	1.024
					C	−38.08
55	m0	−4.994	0.999	0.025	A	18.482	0.999	0.067
					B	4039.8
	m1	1.029
					C	−38.109
60	m0	−6.176	0.999	0.029	A	18.446	0.999	0.081
					B	4044.6
	m1	1.035
					C	−37.936

Table 2. Fitting parameters for the model correlating the boiling point elevation (∆T_B) as a function of pressure and soluble solid concentration (Eq. 3).

Parameter	Value	R^2	MRE (%)
α	0.052	0.991	14.19
β	0.466
γ	0.024
δ	0.135

Table 3. Fitting parameters for the proposed models correlating the specific heat (c_p) as a function of temperature and soluble solid concentration.

Model	Parameter	Value	R^2	MRE (%)
Eq. (5)	α1	3.072	0.997	0.657
	α2	−0.026
	α3	−3.284 × 10^−5
	α4	3.074 × 10^−3
Eq. (6)	α1	3.091	0.997	0.700
	α2	−2.859 × 10^−2
	α4	3.074 × 10^−3
Eq. (7)	α1	4.084	0.970	2.475
	α2	−2.859 × 10^−2
Eq. (8)	α1	2.230	0.027	14.996
	α4	3.074 × 10^−3