Antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity of a medicinal plant Solanum xanthocarpum

Figures & data

Table 1. Phytochemicals content of S. xanthocarpum extracts.

S. No	Phytochemical tests	Methanol	Acetone	Ethyl acetate	Chloroform	Hexane
1	Glycosides	-	-	+	+	+
2	Flavonoids	++	+	++	+	++
3	Protein	-	-	-	-	-
4	Carbohydrate	+	-	-	-	-
5	Steroids	+	+	+	+	+
6	Terpenoids	+	+	+	+	+
7	Tannins	-	-	-	-	-
8	Phenols	++	+	+	++	-
9	Saponins	-	-	-	-	-
10	Quinones	++	++	++	-	++

- indicates absent; + indicates moderately present; ++ indicates strongly present.

Table 2. Quantitative phytochemical estimation of S. xanthocarpum leaf extracts.

S. No	Phytochemical tests	Methanol	Acetone	Ethyl acetate	Chloroform	Hexane
1	Glycosides	-	-	14.3 ± 0.9	12.1 ± 1.6	13.3 ± 2.0
2	Flavonoids	25.2 ± 1.2	17.1 ± 0.8	22.09 ± 0.5	16.5 ± 1.3	23.2 ± 1.0
3	Protein	1.2 ± 2.1	-	-	-	-
4	Carbohydrate	7.2 ± 0.5	-	-	-	-
5	Steroids	8.2 ± 1.3	7.2 ± 1.3	6.4 ± 1.2	5.4 ± 2.1	6.2 ± 1.1
6	Terpenoids	6.3 ± 1.2	6.1 ± 1.0	5.7 ± 0.3	4.5 ± 1.0	5.2 ± 1.4
7	Tannins	-	-	-	-	-
8	Phenols	28.3 ± 2.0	26.2 ± 1.5	23.2 ± 1.2	24.2 ± 1.0	21.2 ± 1.7
9	Saponins	3.2 ± 1.3	-	-	-	-
10	Quinones	7.3 ± 1.0	6.7 ± 1.8	6.4 ± 0.4	3.1 ± 1.9	5.7 ± 0.3

-: Absence of phytochemicals.

Table 3. Antibacterial activity of different solvents extracts of S. xanthocarpum by agar well diffusion method.

	Concentration of extracts (100 µg/ml) Diameter zone of inhibition (mm)
Bacterial cultures	Methanol	Acetone	Ethyl acetate	Chloroform	Hexane	Chloramphenicol
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	12 ± 0.5	6 ± 1.3	8 ± 1.2	5 ± 1.0	5 ± 0.8	24 ± 1.2
Salmonella typhi	10 ± 0.6	5 ± 0.6	-	-	-	23 ± 1.0
Staphylococcus aureus	9 ± 1.0	4 ± 0.5	7 ± 1.0	6 ± 1.0	5 ± 1.2	25 ± 0.2
Escherichia coli	7 ± 1.3	-	6 ± 0.6	-	-	24 ± 1.8
Corynebacterium diphtheriae	9 ± 1.0	5 ± 0.0	-	5 ± 1.3	6 ± 1.6	24 ± 1.2

- indicates nil activity; Negative control-DMSO; Positive control-Chloramphenicol (µg/ml).

Table 4. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of S. xanthocarpum different solvent extracts.

	Concentration of extracts (100 µg/ml)
	Methanol	Acetone			Ethyl acetate		Chloroform		Hexane		Chloramphenicol
Bacterial cultures	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	3.2	12.5	5.4	13.5	5.5	6.2	6.3	12.1	5.7	13.0	22.3	13.5
Salmonella typhi	3.7	12.9	5.3	14.5	NA**	NA**	NA**	NA**	NA**	NA**	21.6	12.2
Staphylococcus aureus	3.9	13.0	6.6	13.0	4.3	6.9	6.7	12.0	6.0	12.9	25.6	14.0
Escherichia coli	4.1	12.3	NA**		5.4	6.0	NA**	NA**	NA**	NA**	23.9	13.7
Corynebacterium diphtheriae	3.5	12.5	5.8	13.6	NA**	NA**	5.5	13.9	6.9	12.4	25.9	14.9

NA**: no activity observed.

Table 5. Percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity of S. xanthocarpum.

Extracts Concentrations (µg/ml)	Methanol	Acetone	Ethyl acetate	Chloroform	Hexane	Ascorbic acid
20	72.89 ± 1.28	56.02 ± 0.71	78.31 ± 1.80	73.84 ± 0.70	89.15 ± 2.57	83.86 ± 1.0
40	78.91 ± 0.55	60.84 ± 0.42	79.51 ± 1.37	75.30 ± 0.85	90.36 ± 0.98	90.14 ± 0.6
60	80.12 ± 0.25	63.25 ± 2.57	81.92 ± 3.00	76.50 ± 0.21	94.57 ± 2.75	96.30 ± 1.2
80	81.32 ± 2.14	103.61 ± 0.42	82.53 ± 2.14	78.31 ± 0.41	96.78 ± 1.45	97.20 ± 1.7
100	83.84 ± 0.70	183.73 ± 1.37	84.33 ± 1.80	85.54 ± 1.27	97.59 ± 1.70	98.21 ± 0.3
IC50 Value	201.04	236.225	205.80	197.245	236.275	239.36

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 5).

Table 6. FTIR analysis of methanolic extract of S. xanthocarpum.

S. No	Wave numbers cm^−1	Functional groups	Bonding Pattern
1	3746.38	O-H stretch alcohols	Strong, sharp
2	3424.18	O-H stretch phenols	Strong, broad
3	2926.01	C-H stretch alkanes	Medium
4	2857.55	C-H stretch alkanes	Medium
5	2084.04	-C = C stretch alkynes	Weak
6	1595.76	N-H bend primary amines	Medium
7	1402.49	C-C stretch in ring aromatics	Medium
8	1264.64	C-N stretch aromatic amines	Strong
9	1118.50	C-N stretch aliphatic amines	Medium
10	925.13	O-H bend carboxylic acids	Medium
11	836.82	C-Cl stretch alkaloids	Medium
12	717.92	C-H rock alkanes	Medium

Table 7. GC-MS analyis of methanolic extract of S. xanthocarpum.

S. No.	Rt	Area %	Molecular weight	Formula	Compound name	Biological activities	References
1	16.034	6.377	296	C20H40O	3,7,11,15-TETRAMETHYL-2-HEXADECEN-1-OL	Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory	Rajeswari et al.^[Citation43]; Hamidi et al.^[Citation44]
2	17.809	26.634	256	C16H32O2	N-HEXADECANOIC ACID	Antioxidant, Hypocholesterolemic Nematicide, Pesticide, Lubricant, Antiandrogenic and Flavor	Moonjit Das & Himaja^[Citation45]
3	18.765	7.573	296	C20H40O	PHYTOL	Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory Anti cancer and Diuretic	Hamidi et al.^[Citation44]
4	19.585	42.815	266	C18H34O	2-OCTYLCYCLOPROPENE-1-HEPTANOL	Antibacterial activity	Omnia Gamal El-Dien et al.^[Citation46]
5	21.726	9.387	222	C15H26O9	1-METHYLENE-2B-HYDROXYMETHYL-3,3-DIMETHYL-4B-(3-METHYLBUT-2-ENYL)-C	Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Anti hyperlipidemic and Free radical scavenger	Mercy Jasmine et al.^[Citation47]; Susitra manjari et al.^[Citation48] Anupama Prasad et al.^[Citation49]
6	24.907	7.214	222	C15H26O9	1,3,3-TRIMETHYL-2-HYDROXYMETHYL-3,3-DIMETHYL-4-(3-METHYLBUT-2-ENYL)-C	Antibacterial	Wanxi Peng et al.^[Citation50]

Source: Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Database.

Figure 1. FT-IR analysis of methanolic extract of S. xanthocarpum.

Figure 2. GC-MS chromatogram of methanolic extract of S. xanthocarpum.

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