Research progress of Sonchus species

Figures & data

Table 1. Ethnobotanical information about common Sonchus species ^[36–41].

Scientific name	Distribution	Edible tissues and uses	Ethnobotanical information: traditional and/or medicinal use
S. oleraceus	New Zealand, China	Young leaves and peeled stems	Bronchitis, pertussis, ophthalmia
S. asper	Britain, Ireland and Europe, Asia, Russia (Siberia, far east), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Japan, and China	Young leaves and peeled stems	Whole plant extracts are used to relieve fever, inflammation and in wound healing
Sonchus palustris	Europe, the Mediterranean, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Siberia, and China	Young leaves and peeled stems	Edible vegetable
Sonchus lingiancus	China	Young leaves and peeled stems	Heat-clearing and detoxifying, swelling, empyema, damp elimination, and cooling blood
S. arvensis	China	Young leaves and peeled stems	Fever, inflammation, stasis, detoxication, and blood circulation
Sonchus transcaspicus	Uzbekistan, central Asia, India, the Caucasus, the Mediterranean, Iran, and China	Young leaves and peeled stems	Edible vegetable
S. brachyotus	China	Young leaves and peeled stems	Heat-clearing and detoxifying, anti-swelling, apocenosis, cooling blood, removing blood stasis, removing heat from the lung to relieve cough, promoting digestion function, protect liver function, and dieresis
S. uliginosus	Russia, Afghanistan, Nepal, Pakistan, and China	Young leaves and peeled stems	Heat-clearing and detoxifying, anti-swelling, apocenosis, cooling blood, removing blood stasis, removing heat from the lung to relieve cough, and promoting digestion function

Table 2. Nutritional ingredients of Sonchus species.

	S. asper	S. oleraceus	S. tenerrimus		S. asper	S. oleraceus	S. tenerrimus	Fatty acid	S. asper	S. oleraceus	S. tenerrimus
Moisture (g)	864.3 ± 11.2	872.4 ± 14.0	877.3 ± 20.8	Na	1903 ± 216	2582 ± 282	3130 ± 419	C14:0	3.44	1.77	9.54
Protein (g)	32.5 ± 3.2	31.7 ± 1.5	31.8 ± 2.0	K	5839 ± 491	6225 ± 783	5084 ± 589	C16:0	15.33	19.07	16.14
Available carbohydrates (g)	19.8 ± 1.1	18.2 ± 1.4	13.2 ± 1.8	Ca	990 ± 189	324 ± 102	899 ± 213	C16:1ω7	0.99	1.84	1.53
Fibre (g)	35.6 ± 2.2	32.5 ± 2.4	31.2 ± 1.6	P	493 ± 99	580 ± 96	387 ± 88	C16:2ω6	0.94	0.13	3.60
Lipids (g)	6.8 ± 0.7	7.5 ± 0.9	5.2 ± 0.4	Fe	29.8 ± 7.8	37.8 ± 4.0	43.1 ± 7.0	C16:3ω3	1.03	0.56	0.55
Ash (g)	30.4 ± 3.0	29.9 ± 1.8	30.2 ± 1.9	Cu	3.1 ± 0.7	2.9 ± 0.8	2.5 ± 0.5	C18:0	2.01	1.84	0.73
Oxalic acid (mg)	1220 ± 190	1310 ± 330	640 ± 140	Zn	8.8 ± 1.0	7.7 ± 2.1	7.2 ± 1.4	C18:1ω9	3.34	2.15	4.08
Vitamin C (mg)	628 ± 90	779 ± 88	457 ± 59	Mn	9.0 ± 0.7	12.0 ± 2.3	9.2 ± 3.0	C18:2ω6	9.90	8.10	8.70
Carotenoids (mg)	80 ± 21	158 ± 19	57 ± 13					C18:3ω3	39.94	43.58	30.33
Energy (kJ)	1110 ± 120	1098 ± 155	935 ± 105					C18:3ω6	0.47	0.34	0.35
								C18:4ω3	0.09	0.23	0.11
								C20:0	3.39	1.48	0.65
								C20:1ω9	–	0.15	–
								C20:3ω6	0.49	0.11	0.10
								C20:4ω6	–	–	1.83
								C22:0	2.96	3.01	0.75
								C24:0	1.42	2.03	1.99

Nutritional composition of Sonchus (S. oleraceus, S. asper, and S. tenerrimus) were reported by Guil-Guerrero et al.^[10]

Table 3. Chemical compounds of Sonchus species.

	Compounds	Origin	References
Sesquiterpene lactone	1, 2, 6, 12	Sonchus transcapicus	^[Citation34]
	3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 33, 34, 35	S. arvensis	^[Citation9,Citation26,Citation36,Citation42]
	4, 5, 7	S. uliginosus	^[Citation43]
	14, 15, 16, 17	Sonchus macrocarpus	^[Citation26,Citation44]
	18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32	S. asper	^[Citation45,Citation46]
	23, 25, 29, 30	S. oleraceus	^[Citation47]
	24	Sonchus tuberifer	^[Citation48]
Quininic acid esters	36, 37, 38	S. arvensis	^[Citation49]
Flavonoids	39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48	S. arvensis	^[Citation50–Citation52]
Glycerate	49, 50	S. oleraceus	^[Citation53 Citation54]
	51, 52, 53	S. arvensis
Triterpene	54, 55, 56	S. arvensis	^[Citation42]
Steroids	57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63	S. arvensis	^[Citation42]
Coumarin	64, 65, 66, 67	S. oleraceus	^[Citation55]
Saccharides	68	S. oleraceus	^[Citation36]

Figure 1. Chemical structures of pharmaceutically important constituents of Sonchus species.

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