Alteration on phenolic acids and the appearance of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) seeds dealt with antistaling agents during storage

Figures & data

Table 1. Changes of contents of the phenols in different groups (mg/100g).

Groups	Storage Time (days)	Gallic Acid	Chlorogenic Acid	Gentisic Acid	Caffeic Acid	Cinnamic Acid	P-Coumaric Acid	Ferulic Acid	Rosmarinic Acid	Salicylic Acid	TPC^1	TTPC^2
CONTROL	0	4.23 ± 0.03^B	9.21 ± 0.08^A	3.33 ± 0.11^A	3.74 ± 0.13^A	36.84 ± 0.45^A	2.71 ± 0.08^A	2.85 ± 0.15^A	ND	ND	62.91 ± 1.03^A	16.24 ± 0.32^A
	2	3.60 ± 0.05^cB	3.83 ± 0.11^dB	1.78 ± 0.13^aB	2.54 ± 0.12^bB	36.38 ± 0.47^aA	2.13 ± 0.07^dC	2.73 ± 0.13^bcA	ND	5.21 ± 0.17^aC	58.20 ± 1.25^bA	8.15 ± 0.36^dB
	5	7.32 ± 0.09^eA	2.92 ± 0.09^eC	1.01 ± 0.12^bD	1.97 ± 0.13^bC	15.42 ± 0.56^bB	1.91 ± 0.08^fD	2.84 ± 0.15^cA	ND	15.37 ± 0.16^aA	48.76 ± 1.38^Bb	5.90 ± 0.34^dC
	7	7.67 ± 0.07^dA	3.85 ± 0.08^cB	1.52 ± 0.14^bC	2.32 ± 0.12^bB	10.21 ± 0.42^bC	2.42 ± 0.09^cB	2.34 ± 0.12^cB	ND	6.22 ± 0.13^cB	36.55 ± 1.17^dC	7.69 ± 0.34^bB
	10	6.25 ± 0.05^eA	1.83 ± 0.07^cD	1.02 ± 0.14^bD	0.73 ± 0.13^cD	11.21 ± 0.56^aC	1.03 ± 0.06^dE	1.92 ± 0.14^cC	ND	4.10 ± 0.11^cD	28.09 ± 1.26^eD	3.58 ± 0.34^dD
BA	0	4.23 ± 0.03^D	9.21 ± 0.08^B	3.33 ± 0.11^A	3.74 ± 0.13^B	36.84 ± 0.45^A	2.71 ± 0.08^D	2.85 ± 0.15^C	ND	ND	62.91 ± 1.03^B	16.24 ± 0.32^B
	2	29.83 ± 1.32^aA	17.60 ± 2.13^aA	ND	6.71 ± 0.65^aA	26.6 ± 2.12^cB	21.16 ± 4.42^aA	26.89 ± 2.32^aA	ND	ND	128.79 ± 12.96^aA	24.31 ± 2.78^aA
	5	7.35 ± 0.38^eB	5.89 ± 0.21^bC	ND	3.46 ± 0.35^aB	4.96 ± 0.87^dD	14.71 ± 0.14^aB	4.68 ± 0.84^abB	3.26 ± 0.23^aA	ND	44.31 ± 3.02^cBC	9.35 ± 0.56^abC
	7	8.58 ± 0.54^cB	5.76 ± 0.39^aC	ND	2.72 ± 0.09^aC	5.47 ± 0.34^dD	6.83 ± 0.42^aC	5.43 ± 0.81^aB	6.78 ± 0.51^aB	6.75 ± 0.47^cB	48.32 ± 3.57^cB	8.48 ± 0.48^abC
	10	5.63 ± 0.04^eC	5.63 ± 1.04^aC	ND	0.76 ± 0.01^cD	7.27 ± 0.51^cC	4.11 ± 0.31^aC	4.39 ± 0.65^bB	ND	14.70 ± 0.57^bA	42.49 ± 3.13^dC	6.39 ± 1.05^bD
AA	0	4.23 ± 0.03^D	9.21 ± 0.08^A	3.33 ± 0.11^A	3.74 ± 0.13^A	36.84 ± 0.45^A	2.71 ± 0.08^B	2.85 ± 0.15^B	ND	ND	62.91 ± 1.03^A	16.24 ± 0.32^A
	2	7.48 ± 0.12^bC	6.15 ± 0.35^cB	1.01 ± 0.08^cB	2.62 ± 0.32^bB	5.23 ± 0.13^dD	9.83 ± 1.03^bA	3.21 ± 0.32^bA	ND	ND	35.53 ± 4.15^cC	9.78 ± 0.75^cB
	5	11.59 ± 1.21^bB	4.34 ± 0.24^dC	1.12 ± 0.08^aB	2.11 ± 0.05^bC	7.55 ± 0.23^cC	2.74 ± 0.03^eB	1.32 ± 0.08^dC	ND	ND	30.77 ± 1.92^eD	7.57 ± 0.37^cC
	7	10.64 ± 1.21^bB	3.89 ± 0.52^bcC	ND	2.43 ± 0.11^bBC	8.41 ± 0.41^cB	1.93 ± 0.02^dB	3.41 ± 0.13^bA	ND	ND	30.71 ± 2.40^eD	6.32 ± 0.63^cD
	10	38.95 ± 1.68^bA	4.21 ± 0.54^bC	ND	0.97 ± 0.02^bD	8.96 ± 0.58^bB	2.63 ± 0.08^bB	0.98 ± 0.01^dD	ND	ND	56.70 ± 2.91^cB	5.18 ± 0.56^cE
SHS	0	4.23 ± 0.03^D	9.21 ± 0.08^A	3.33 ± 0.11^A	3.74 ± 0.13^A	36.84 ± 0.45^A	2.71 ± 0.08^C	2.85 ± 0.15^A	ND	ND	62.91 ± 1.03^B	16.24 ± 0.32^A
	2	2.32 ± 0.07^dE	3.98 ± 0.03^dC	ND	2.89 ± 0.21^bB	5.12 ± 0.21^dC	9.75 ± 0.82^bA	1.43 ± 0.04^bcB	ND	5.79 ± 0.83^aD	31.28 ± 2.21^cD	6.87 ± 0.24^dB
	5	8.63 ± 0.52^cC	4.67 ± 0.03^dC	ND	2.23 ± 0.06^bC	7.75 ± 0.25^cB	3.35 ± 0.11^dB	2.93 ± 0.15^cA	ND	10.31 ± 0.76^bC	39.87 ± 1.88^dC	6.90 ± 0.09^cB
	7	14.23 ± 0.96^aB	5.57 ± 0.68^aB	ND	1.14 ± 0.07^dD	5.21 ± 0.25^dC	3.63 ± 0.13^bB	2.79 ± 0.32^bcA	ND	35.15 ± 2.76^aB	67.72 ± 5.17^aB	6.71 ± 0.75^cB
	10	47.13 ± 3.67^aA	5.48 ± 1.00^aB	ND	0.79 ± 0.02^cE	7.37 ± 0.67^cB	2.50 ± 0.04b^cC	0.97 ± 0.01^dC	ND	43.66 ± 2.94^aA	107.90 ± 8.35^aA	6.27 ± 1.02^bD
SHS+ AA	0	4.23 ± 0.03^D	9.21 ± 0.08^A	3.33 ± 0.11^A	3.74 ± 0.13^A	36.84 ± 0.45^A	2.71 ± 0.08^C	2.85 ± 0.15^B	ND	ND	62.91 ± 1.03^A	16.24 ± 0.32^A
	2	2.03 ± 0.10^dE	6.27 ± 0.34^cBC	1.15 ± 0.09^bcB	2.71 ± 0.25^bB	5.04 ± 0.31^dD	10.13 ± 1.01^bA	3.01 ± 0.09^bB	ND	ND	30.34 ± 2.19^cD	10.13 ± 0.68^cB
	5	8.72 ± 0.32^cC	6.73 ± 0.54^aB	1.01 ± 0.08^bB	2.14 ± 0.05^bC	7.67 ± 0.32^cC	3.61 ± 0.09^cB	4.10 ± 0.23^bA	ND	7.89 ± 0.31^cC	41.87 ± 1.94^cdC	9.88 ± 0.67^aB
	7	14.07 ± 1.55^aB	5.78 ± 0.05^aC	ND	2.12 ± 0.08^cC	8.83 ± 0.56^cB	3.49 ± 0.21^bB	2.89 ± 0.41^bcB	ND	18.49 ± 1.95^bA	55.67 ± 4.81^bB	7.90 ± 0.13^abC
	10	32.96 ± 2.65^cA	5.85 ± 0.19^aAC	ND	1.02 ± 0.03^bD	7.53 ± 0.45^cC	2.32 ± 0.04^cC	0.96 ± 0.01^dC	ND	15.64 ± 0.65^bB	66.28 ± 4.02^bA	6.87 ± 0.22^bC
BA+ AA	0	4.23 ± 0.03^E	9.21 ± 0.08^A	3.33 ± 0.11^B	3.74 ± 0.13^A	36.84 ± 0.45^A	2.71 ± 0.08^C	2.85 ± 0.15^D	ND	ND	62.91 ± 1.03^A	16.24 ± 0.32^A
	2	6.75 ± 0.25^bD	10.09 ± 1.03^bA	1.26 ± 0.09^bD	2.75 ± 0.23^bB	33.11 ± 2.65^bB	3.52 ± 0.31^cB	1.23 ± 0.02^cE	ND	ND	58.71 ± 4.58^bA	14.10 ± 1.35^bB
	5	14.94 ± 1.09^aA	5.38 ± 0.03^cB	1.11 ± 0.09^abD	2.00 ± 0.07^bC	17.34 ± 0.36^aC	4.20 ± 0.07^bA	5.10 ± 0.36^aC	2.89 ± 0.31^aB	ND	52.96 ± 2.38^aAB	8.49 ± 0.19^bC
	7	8.80 ± 0.84^cC	4.45 ± 0.24^bB	2.02 ± 0.09^aC	2.21 ± 0.07^bcC	14.65 ± 0.34^aD	3.71 ± 0.34^bB	5.73 ± 0.50^aB	7.13 ± 0.62^aA	ND	48.70 ± 3.04^cB	8.68 ± 0.40^aC
	10	13.41 ± 0.34^dB	4.92 ± 0.42^abB	4.52 ± 0.08^aA	3.93 ± 0.24^aA	8.97 ± 0.28^bE	4.23 ± 0.05^aA	7.84 ± 0.09^aA	ND	ND	47.82 ± 1.50^dB	13.37 ± 0.74^aB

Lotus seeds were soaked in 80°C water with/without the corresponding antistaling agents for 3 min, stored at 4°C for certain time (0, 2, 5, 7, 10 days).

BA: 0.5 g/100mL benzoic acid;

AA: 0.5 g/100mL ascorbic acid;

SHS: 0.5 g/100mL sodium hydrogen sulfite;

SHS+ AA: 0.25 g/100mL sodium hydrogen sulfite+ 0.25 g/100mL ascorbic acid;

BA+ AA: 0.25 g/100mL benzoic acid+ 0.25 g/100mL ascorbic acid.

Superscripts a, b, c, d, e mean the significance comparison among different treated groups of same storage time, and A, B, C, D mean the significance comparison among the same treated groups of different storage time; Values followed by the different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).

¹TPC means the Total Phenolic Content of nine individual phenolic acids.

²TTPC means the Total Three Phenolics Content of chlorogenic, gentisic, and caffeic acids.

Figure 1. HPLC-MS spectrogram of phenolics extracted from lotus seeds.

Solid line: fresh lotus seeds extract. (A) Gallic acid; (B) Chlorogenic acid; (C) Caffeic acid; (D) Gentisic acid; (E) Cinnamic acid; (F) P-coumaric acid; (G) Ferulic acid; (H) Rosmarinic acid; (I) Salicylic acidDashed lines: standard reference substances. 1 Gallic acid; 2 Chlorogenic acid; 3 Caffeic acid; 4 Gentisic acid; 5 Cinnamic acid; 6 P- coumaric acid; 7 Ferulic acid; 8 Rosmarinic acid; 9 Salicylic acid; 10 Naringin; 11 Nuciferine; 12 Phloridzin

Table 2. Evaluation of the effect of antistaling agents and their combination on lotus seed status during storage.

		Evaluation Items
Groups	Storage Time (days)	Not-Browning Degree	Microorganism Contamination Status	Sensory Evaluation	Total Score
Control	0	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	100.00 ± 0.00
	2	8.25 ± 0.32	10.00 ± 0.00	8.92 ± 0.34	89.09 ± 2.88
	5	7.32 ± 0.24	10.00 ± 0.00	7.26 ± 0.32	81.12 ± 1.84
	7	7.28 ± 0.33	8.25 ± 0.29	6.21 ± 0.14	73.57 ± 2.80
	10	6.23 ± 0.43	4.51 ± 0.30	4.29 ± 0.19	53.26 ± 3.43
BA	0	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	100.00 ± 0.00
	2	9.32 ± 0.24	10.00 ± 0.00	5.21 ± 0.46	87.02 ± 2.12
	5	8.31 ± 0.35	10.00 ± 0.00	5.32 ± 0.35	82.19 ± 2.45
	7	8.22 ± 0.38	10.00 ± 0.00	5.10 ± 0.37	81.30 ± 2.64
	10	7.83 ± 0.30	10.00 ± 0.00	4.20 ± 0.33	77.55 ± 2.16
AA	0	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	100.00 ± 0.00
	2	9.87 ± 0.42	10.00 ± 0.00	9.87 ± 0.24	99.09 ± 2.58
	5	9.73 ± 0.52	10.00 ± 0.00	9.32 ± 0.35	97.29 ± 3.30
	7	9.21 ± 0.24	9.21 ± 0.28	8.93 ± 0.31	91.54 ± 2.66
	10	8.98 ± 0.35	7.57 ± 0.21	8.32 ± 0.18	84.25 ± 2.74
SHS	0	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	100.00 ± 0.00
	2	9.74 ± 0.36	10.00 ± 0.00	9.64 ± 0.27	97.98 ± 2.34
	5	9.68 ± 0.27	10.00 ± 0.00	9.21 ± 0.37	96.82 ± 2.09
	7	8.84 ± 0.36	10.00 ± 0.00	8.37 ± 0.19	90.94 ± 2.18
	10	8.35 ± 0.42	8.03 ± 0.32	7.96 ± 0.27	81.76 ± 3.60
SHS+ AA	0	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	100.00 ± 0.00
	2	9.89 ± 0.45	10.00 ± 0.00	9.80 ± 0.24	99.05 ± 2.73
	5	9.73 ± 0.36	10.00 ± 0.00	9.73 ± 0.18	98.11 ± 2.16
	7	9.61 ± 0.49	10.00 ± 0.00	9.69 ± 0.26	97.43 ± 2，97
	10	9.54 ± 0.42	9.51 ± 0.40	9.32 ± 0.20	94.87 ± 3.70
BA+ AA	0	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	10.00 ± 0.00	100.00 ± 0.00
	2	9.72 ± 0.40	10.00 ± 0.00	9.45 ± 0.31	97.50 ± 2.62
	5	9.64 ± 0.26	10.00 ± 0.00	9.17 ± 0.36	96.54 ± 2.02
	7	9.23 ± 0.38	10.00 ± 0.00	8.13 ± 0.22	92.41 ± 2.34
	10	9.03 ± 0.36	10.00 ± 0.00	7.11 ± 0.28	89.37 ± 2.36

Lotus seeds were soaked in 80°C water with/without the corresponding antistaling agents for 3min, stored at 4°C for certain time (0, 2, 5, 7, 10 days).

BA: 0.5 g/100mL benzoic acid;

AA: 0.5 g/100mL ascorbic acid;

SHS: 0.5 g/100mL sodium hydrogen sulfite;

SHS+ AA: 0.25 g/100mL sodium hydrogen sulfite+ 0.25 g/100mL ascorbic acid;

BA+ AA: 0.25 g/100mL benzoic acid+ 0.25 g/100mL ascorbic acid.

Figure 2. The possible pathway of regeneration of chlorogenic, caffeic, and p-coumaric acids (shikimic acid pathway).

PAL: phenylalanine aminolyase; CA4H: cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase; EMP: Embden-Meyerhof pathway; HMP: hexose monophosphate pathway

Figure 3. UV scanning result of glycosides extracts of control during different storage time.

Figure 4. The lotus seeds appearance between groups stored at 4°C on the 10th day.

BA: 0.5 g/100mL benzoic acid; AA: 0.5 g/100mL ascorbic acid; SHS: 0.5 g/100mL sodium hydrogen sulfite; SH+ AA: 0.25 g/100mL sodium hydrogen sulfite+ 0.25 g/100mL ascorbic acid; BA+ AA: 0.25 g/100mL benzoic acid+ 0.25 g/100mL ascorbic acid