Encapsulation of curcumin using electrospun almond gum nanofibers: fabrication and characterization

Figures & data

Table 1. The properties of electrospinning solutions and electrospun nanofibers.

Solution	Conductivity (µS/cm)	Viscosity (pa.s)	Average fiber diameter (nm)	Loading efficiency (%)	Fiber morphology
almond gum/PVA 8% (w/w)+ curcumin 1% (w/w)	390	140	169 ± 35	75 ± 0.20	Bead-free nanofibers
almond gum/PVA 8% (w/w)+ curcumin 2% (w/w)	410	150	151 ± 28	65 ± 0.75	Bead-free nanofibers
almond gum/PVA 8% (w/w)+ curcumin 3% (w/w)	450	159	121 ± 31	-	Nanofibers with beads
almond gum/PVA 7% (w/w)+ curcumin 4% (w/w)	465	156	127 ± 29	-	Nanofibers with beads
almond gum/PVA 8% (w/w)+ curcumin-βCDIC 2% (w/w)	435	150	134 ± 30	92 ± 0.50	Bead-free nanofibers
almond gum/PVA 8% (w/w)+ curcumin-βCDIC 3% (w/w)	460	161	125 ± 24	94 ± 0.85	Bead-free nanofibers
almond gum/PVA 7% (w/w)+ curcumin-βCDIC 4% (w/w)	475	163	98 ± 18	95 ± 0.25	Bead-free nanofibers
almond gum/PVA 7% (w/w)+ curcumin-βCDIC 5% (w/w)	487	178	118 ± 23		Nanofibers with beads

Figure 1. FESEM images of almond gum/PVA/curcumin and almond gum/PVA/curcumin-βCDIC nanofibers, a) almond gum/PVA 8% (w/w) + curcumin 1% (w/w), b) almond gum/PVA 8% (w/w) + curcumin 2% (w/w), c) almond gum/PVA 8% (w/w) + curcumin 3% (w/w), d) almond gum/PVA 7% (w/w) + curcumin 4% (w/w), e) almond gum/PVA 8% (w/w) + curcumin-βCDIC 2% (w/w), f) almond gum/PVA 8% (w/w) + curcumin-βCDIC 3% (w/w), g) almond gum/PVA 7% (w/w) + curcumin-βCDIC 4% (w/w), h) almond gum/PVA 7% (w/w) + curcumin-βCDIC 5% (w/w).

Figure 2. FTIR spectra of curcumin (cur) powder, βCD powder, curcumin-βCDIC powder, almond gum/PVA nanofibers, almond gum/PVA/curcumin nanofibers and almond gum/PVA/curcumin-βCDIC nanofibers.

Figure 3. XRD patterns of curcumin (cur) powder, βCD powder, curcumin-βCDIC powder, almond gum powder, PVA powder, almond gum/PVA nanofibers, almond gum/PVA/curcumin nanofibers and almond gum/PVA/curcumin-βCDIC nanofibers.

Figure 4. TGA thermograms of the curcumin (cur) powder, βCD powder, curcumin-βCDIC powder, almond gum/PVA nanofibers, almond gum/PVA/curcumin nanofibers and almond gum/PVA/curcumin-βCDIC nanofibers.

Figure 5. DTG curves of the curcumin (cur) powder, βCD powder, curcumin-βCDIC powder, almond gum/PVA nanofibers, almond gum/PVA/curcumin nanofibers and almond gum/PVA/curcumin-βCDIC nanofibers.

Table 2. Thermogravimetric data of almond gum/PVA nanofibers, Almond gum/PVA/Curcumin nanofibers and Almond gum/PVA/ curcumin-βCDIC nanofibers.

Samples	Loss due to water evaporation(%)	The onset temperature of thermal degradation (ºC)	Temperature (ºC) at max. loss rate and weight loss (%)				Final residue (%) (600 ºC)
			2nd	% weight loss	3nd	% weight loss
Almond gum/PVA nanofibers	4	240	276	15	332	43	17
Almond gum/PVA/Curcumin nanofibers	5	256	283	14	338	36	31
Almond gum/PVA/ curcumin-βCDIC nanofibers	7	260	293	17	355	35	23