Nutritional and medicinal aspects of Rumex hastatus D. Don along with in vitro anti-diabetic activity

Figures & data

Table 1. Proximate and phytochemical analysis of samples of Rumex hastatus.

S. no.	Sample	Percent (Mean ± SD)	mg/g
1.	Protein	13.4 ± 0.7	133.9
2.	Carbohydrates	43.2 ± 1.8	432.4
3.	Fats	2.6 ± 0.1	25.6
4.	Fiber	12.4 ± 0.9	124.4
5.	Moisture	22.9 ± 1.4	–
6.	Ash	5.5 ± 0.6	54.5
7.	Saponins	6.5 ± 0.2	65.5
8.	Flavonoids	8.5 ± 0.3	84.5
9.	Alkaloids	4.9 ± 0.2	49.5

Table 2. Fluorescence analysis of powdered sample of Rumex hastatus under visible and UV lights

S. no.	Treatments	Visible light	Ultraviolet light
1	Only Powder	Grayish brown	Brown
2	Powder + FeCl3	Grayish black	Yellowish gray
3	Powder + Conc. HCl	Yellowish red	Yellowish gray
4	Powder + 10% HNO3	Pinkish yellow	Greenish yellow
5	Powder + 10% K2Cr2O7	Yellowish brown	Greenish brown
6	Powder + 1 M NaOH	Brownish black	Grayish brown
7	Powder + AgNO3	Pinkish red	Bluish green
8	Powder + Conc. HNO3	Blackish brown	Grayish brown
9	Powder + Conc. H2SO4	Brown	Grayish brown
10	Powder + Br2 water	Light brown	Yellowish brown
11	Powder + 5% H2O2	Blackish brown	Greenish brown
12	Powder + CCl4	Brownish black	Greenish black
13	Powder + CH3OH	Blackish brown	Yellowish brown
14	Powder + CH3COOH	Pinkish brown	Blackish green
15	Powder + Xylene	Grayish brown	Reddish green
16	Powder + NH3	Grayish brown	Yellowish brown
17	Powder + I2	Deep black	Grayish black

Table 3. α-Glucosidase inhibitory potential of various samples of Rumex hastatus.

Samples	Conc. 31. 25 µg/mL	Conc. 62.5 µg/mL	Conc. 125 µg/mL	Conc. 250 µg/mL	Conc. 500 µg/mL	Conc. 1,000 µg/mL	IC50 µg/mL
Rh.Cr	32.33 ± 0.49***	41.33 ± 0.33***	51.00 ± 1.15***	52.43 ± 0.97***	62.17 ± 1.40***	71.34 ± 1.30***	108.83
Rh.Hex	29.67 ± 0.89***	35.61 ± 1.70***	38.00 ± 0.58***	44.90 ± 0.52***	47.96 ± 1.01***	51.33 ± 1.20***	978.35
Rh.Chf	49.61 ± 1.70**	55.17 ± 1.40***	61.90 ± 0.52***	64.00 ± 1.15***	71.43 ± 0.97***	77.17 ± 1.40**	42.09
Rh.EtAc	39.30 ± 0.43***	46.33 ± 1.20***	51.73 ± 0.78***	57.87 ± 0.26***	64.13 ± 0.20***	69.50 ± 0.58***	111.84
Rh.Aq	28.33 ± 0.68***	36.61 ± 1.70***	41.40 ± 0.33***	46.34 ± 1.30***	49.86 ± 1.04***	56.20 ± 1.11***	534.61
Rh.Sp	42.53 ± 1.07***	43.86 ± 1.39***	58.66 ± 1.20***	61.00 ± 1.73***	65.16 ± 1.58***	70.66 ± 2.02***	104.96
Rh.Fl	39.17 ± 1.33***	46.73 ± 0.78***	58.33 ± 1.20***	63.90 ± 0.52***	67.96 ± 1.01***	73.87 ± 0.26***	88.73
P.cont	57.90 ± 0.52	65.96 ± 1.01	73.87 ± 0.26	79.56 1.27	81.83 ± 1.09	86.23 ± 0.39	13.92

Key: Rh.Cr: Crude methanolic extract, Rh.Hex: n-hexane fraction, Rh.Chf: chloroform fraction, Rh.EtAc: ethyl acetate fraction, Rh.Aq: aqueous fraction, Rh.Sp: saponins, Rh.Fl: Flavonoids, P.cont: Acarbose

Figure 1. Sensory evaluations of Rumex hastatus on hedonic scale

Table 4. List of compounds in GC (FID-MS) of crude methanolic extract of Rumex hastatus.

S.No	Compound	RT	Common name	Formula	Hits (DB)
1	GUANIDINE (CARBONATE)	6.011	Guanidine	CH5N3	10
2	(2S*,3R*)-2-tert-Butyl-3-ethyloxtane	6.1	NF	C8H16O	1
3	Benzene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)	6.281	p-Cymol	C10H14	10
4	Thiophene, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-	6.708	NF	C6H8OS	8
5	3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one	6.946	Seudenone	C7H10O	10
6	(E)-1-Ethoxyhex-1-ene	7.154	NF	C8H16O	2
7	8-Hydroxy-2-octanone	7.291	NF	C8H16O2	10
8	r-1-Fluoro-t-2-iodo-1-methylcyclohexane	7.554	NF	C7H12FI	9
9	Benzene, (2-methyl-1-propenyl)-	7.639	NF	C10H12	10
10	1,2,4,4-Tetramethylcyclopentene	7.936	NF	C9H16	10
11	1-methyl-3-hepten-2-one	8.412	NF	C8H14O	4
12	5,6-Dimethylundecane	8.456	NF	C13H28	10
13	(2S,3R)-2-ethylthreonine hydrate	8.859	NF	C6H13NO3	8
14	2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one	9.038	NF	C6H8O4	10
15	Cpd 18: 4-Azidohept-1-ene	9.236	4-Azidohept-1-ene	C7H13N3	2
16	1,2,3-Trimethylcyclopentene	9.408	NF	C8H14	10
17	omega.-Isonitrosoacetophenone	9.522	Oximinoacetophenone	C8H7NO2	10
18	3-Methylbenzamide	9.763	m-Toluamide	C8H9NO	10
19	2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol	9.791	BuCb	C8H18O3	10
20	iso-Butylamine	10.028	Valamine	C4H11N	10
21	Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-	10.187	alpha-Thujene	C10H16	10
22	Dihydrobenzofuran	10.579	Dihydrocoumarone	C8H8O	10
23	5-Formyl-2-furfurylmethanoate	10.695	NF	C7H6O4	10
24	(2R)-1-(Tetrahydro-2H-2-pyranyloxy)-2-butanol	11.142	NF	C9H20O3	10
25	2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)	11.315	NF	C6H6O3	10
26	Geranyl acetate, 2,3-epoxy-	11.568	NF	C12H20O3	10
27	Nonanoic acid	11.732	Pelargic acid	C9H18O2	1
28	R-(+)-METHYL-3-ISOPROPYL-6-OXOHEPTANOATE	11.798	NF	C11H20O3	6
29	Cyclohexene, 1-acetyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-	11.883	NF	C10H16O2	10
30	3-Buten-2-one, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)	11.943	Ionone	C13H20O	10
31	2,3,5-Trimethylanizole	12.153	NF	C10H14O	10
32	Phenol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)	12.378	Thymol	C10H14O	10
33	2,4-Pentadien-1-ol, 3-propyl-, (2Z)-	12.476	NF	C8H14O	10
34	2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol	12.655	p-Vinylguaiacol	C9H10O2	10
35	trans-3-methyl-4-hexenal	12.861	NF	C7H12O	10
36	Tricyclo [4.2.1(4,7).0(3,8)]nona-5-en-2-one	12.973	NF	C9H10O	10
37	3-Methyl-4-methylamino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol	13.05	NF	C4H8N4S	2
38	3-Oxatricyclo[3.2.1.0(2,4)]octane, (1.alpha.,2.beta.,4.beta.,5.alpha.)-	13.289	NF	C7H10O	10
39	Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-	13.446	Syringol	C8H10O3	10
40	5-Allyl-2-Methoxyphenol	13.58	Chavibetol	C10H12O2	10
41	(2E,6E)-2,6-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1,8-dial	13.935	NF	C10H14O2	6
42	Benzenemethanol, .alpha.-(aminomethyl)-4-hydroxy	14.098	Norden	C8H11NO2	10
43	1,8-Cyclopentadecadiyne	14.254	NF	C15H22	10
44	3-Hexyne-2,5-diol, 2,5-dimethyl	14.408	Kemitracin-50	C8H14O2	10
45	4-Fluorobenzoic acid, 3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl ester	14.538	NF	C15H19FO2	7
46	2,5-Dimethyl-2,3,4-hexatriene	14.602	NF	C8H12	10
47	2-(3,5-Dimethylphenyl)propan-2-ol	15.081	NF	C11H16O	2
48	Benzene, 1-(bromomethyl)-3-nitro	15.689	NF	C7H6BrNO2	10
49	Hydroxy-.alpha.-terpenyl acetate	15.916	NF	C12H20O3	10
50	(-)-trans-Pinocarvyl acetate	16.106	NF	C12H18O2	9
51	4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dienyl)but-3-en-2-one	16.238	NF	C13H18O	8
52	(E)-4-(1'-Formyl-1'-Cyclopentyl)-3-Buten-2-One	16.25	NF	C10H14O2	10
53	2-Propenoic acid, 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl ester, exo-	16.56	NF	C13H20O2	10
54	1,5,5-Trimethyl-6-[3-acetoxybutyl]-3,6-epidioxycyclohexene	16.674	NF	C15H24O4	10
55	7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-ol, 6-(3-hydroxy-1-butenyl)-1,5,5-trimethyl	16.962	NF	C13H22O3	10
56	4-(4-Methylphenyl)pentanal	17.528	NF	C12H16O	10
57	n-Octoic acid	17.806	Octanoic Acid	C8H16O2	10
58	2,6 - di - methoxy - 4 - vinyl – phenol	17.881	4 - vinyl – syringol	C10H12O3	10
59	3,6-Dimethyl-3-octene-2,7-dione	17.977	NF	C10H16O2	5
60	Bicyclo[5.2.0]nonane, 2-methylene-4,8,8-trimethyl-4-vinyl-	18.19	NF	C15H24	10
61	Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-	18.365	Vanillic acid	C8H8O4	10
62	1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester	18.406	Anozol	C12H14O4	10
63	2-(1-Cyclohexen-1-Yl)Cyclohexyl Acetate	18.862	NF	C14H22O2	10
64	o-Toluic acid, 3-chloropen-2-enyl ester	18.919	NF	C11H11ClO2	4
65	5-endo-(Phenylsulfonyl)-5-exo-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene	18.963	NF	C15H18O2S	2
66	3,5,7-trimethyl-2E,4E,6E,8E-undecatetraene	19.11	NF	C14H22	10
67	Bisabolol oxide A	19.203	Bisabolol oxide A	C15H26O2	8
68	N-(2-methylpropyl)indoline	19.283	NF	C12H17N	2
69	2-Hexanol, 3,3,5-trimethyl-2-(3-methylphenyl)-	19.348	NF	C16H26O	10
70	1-Phenylcyclohexylamine	19.532	NF	C12H17N	10
71	Tridecanedial	19.632	Tridecanedial	C13H24O2	10
72	endo-(2R/S,4R/S,4'S)-2,4-Diethoxy-6-(carbonyl-4'-tert-butyloxazolodin-2'-one…	19.755	NF	C17H27NO6	10
73	Nerolidoloxide	19.833	Nerolidoloxide	C15H26O3	10
74	alpha.-Bisabolol $$ 5-Hepten-2-ol, 6-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)-	20.19	alpha.-Bisabolol	C15H26O	10
75	5-Methyl-3,5-octadien-2-one	20.298	NF	C9H14O	10
76	Acetyl bromide	20.472	Acetyl bromide	C2H3BrO	10
77	2-Cyclopentene, 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,2,3-tetramethyl-	20.835	NF	C10H18O	10
78	(2S*,6R*)-6-Allyl-2-hydroxy-2-vinyl-1-cyclohexanone	20.97	NF	C11H16O2	10
79	(Z)-4-Methoxy-2-(N-methylanilino)penta-2,4-dienenitrile	21.132	NF	C13H14N2O	1
80	2-Methoxy-5-(acetoxymethyl)phenol	21.391	NF	C10H12O4	4
81	Tetradecanoic acid	21.925	Myristic acid	C14H28O2	10
82	3-Cyclohexene-1-acetaldehyde, .alpha.,4-dimethyl-	22.008	NF	C10H16O	10
83	3,7-Cyclodecadien-1-one, 3,7-dimethyl-10-(1-methylethylidene)-, (E,E)-	22.337	NF	C15H22O	10
84	4,4-Dimethyladamantan-2-ol	23.363	NF	C12H20O	10
85	7,11-Hexadecadienal	23.555	NF	C16H28O	1
86	2,5-Dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene	23.706	Biisocrotyl	C8H14	10
87	cis-11-Hexadecen-1-ol	24.055	NF	C16H32O	10
88	6-Methyl-2-tridecanone	24.275	NF	C14H28O	10
89	Benzenemethanol, 3,4,5-trimethoxy-	24.445	NF	C10H14O4	10
90	cis-11-Hexadecen-1-ol	24.872	NF	C16H32O	10
91	1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester	25.087	Butyl phthalate	C16H22O4	10
92	3-Eicosyne	25.429	3-Icosyne	C20H38	10
93	4,6-di-tert-Butyl-m-cresol	26.66	NF	C15H24O	3
94	N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-1,2-di-p-tolyl-ethane-1,2-diamine	26.94	NF	C20H28N2	6
95	cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid	27.3	NF	C16H30O2	6
96	Hexadecanoic acid	27.904	Palmitic acid	C16H32O2	10
97	Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester	28.44	Ethyl hexadecanoate	C18H36O2	10
98	2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]-	31.04	Phytol	C20H40O	10
99	1-methylene-3-propylcyclobutane	31.552	NF	C8H14	10
100	Hexadecanoic acid, 2-methylpropyl ester	31.619	NF	C20H40O2	1
101	9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester	31.693	Methyl linolenate	C19H32O2	10
102	Linoleic acid ethyl ester	31.947	Mandenol	C20H36O2	10
103	9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)	32.057	Oelsauere (Red oil)	C18H34O2	10
104	Cis-8-methyl-exo-tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2.6)]decane	32.075	NF	C11H18	10
105	Undecanoic acid, ethyl ester	32.529	Ethyl undecanoate	C13H26O2	3
106	Propanamide, N-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-morpholyl)-	32.995	NF	C13H17FN2O2	1
107	trans-Caryophyllene	33.999	Caryophyllene	C15H24	10
108	2-methylbut-2-enoic acid, 3-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-6,8a-dimethyl-8-oxo-1,2,3,3a…	34.324	NF	C20H30O4	8
109	1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester	38.001	DNOP	C24H38O4	10
110	(E)-3,3'-Dimethoxy-4,4'-dihydroxystilbene	39.5	NF	C16H16O4	10
111	n-Hexadecane	39.891	Isohexadecane	C16H34	10
112	Xanthanin	40.827	Xanthanin	C18H20O5	4
113	(Z)-13-Docosenamide	40.945	Erucyl amide	C22H43NO	10
114	Octadeamethyl-cyclononasiloxane	41.736	Siloxane	C18H54O9Si9	10
115	n-Tetracosane	42.425	n –tetracosane	C24H50	10
116	4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-	43.277	NF	C17H14O5	10
117	Hexadecamethylheptasiloxane	43.698	Heptasiloxane	C16H48O6Si7	10
118	4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)	46.833	NF	C18H16O6	10
119	(-)-.alpha.-Selinene	53.791	Selinene	C15H24	10
120	N-Butyl-N-[2-(9H-9-carbazolyl)propyl]amine	74.013	NF	C19H24N2	1

Figure 2. Chromatogram of methanolic extract of R. hastatus representing different peaks

Figure 3. Structures of bioactive compounds sorted out from the GC(FID-MS) analysis

Figure 4. (a–h) Mass spectra of bioactive compounds of Rumex hastatus.