Physical and functional properties of agglomerated coconut sugar powder and honey powder using polyvinylpyrrolidone as a binder

Figures & data

Table 1. Properties of coconut sap and honey (Apis dorsata)

Properties	Coconut Sap	Honey (Apis dorsata)
Water content	84.30 ± 0.038%	18.67 ± 0.0005%
pH	8.97 ± 0.1000	4.01 ± 0.0500
Reducing sugars	1.23 ± 0.1200	61.11 ± 0.0300
Total sugars	13.96 ± 0.0003	77.01 ± 0.0400

Figure 1. Hygroscopic rate of coconut sugar powder and honey powder.

Figure 2. Polarized light microscopy of (a) coconut sugar powder PVP 1% agglomerates and(b) coconut sugar powder PVP 5% agglomerates.

Figure 3. Dissolving time of coconut sugar powder and honey powder.

Table 2. The glass transition temperatures (T_g) of amorphous samples

Samples	Tg (°C)
Coconut sugar powder vacuum drying	59 ± 2
Coconut sugar powder PVP 1% agglomerates	62 ± 3
Coconut sugar powder PVP 5% agglomerates	64 ± 2
Honey powder vacuum drying	49 ± 2
Honey powder PVP 1% agglomerates	52 ± 1
Honey powder PVP 5% agglomerates	53 ± 2

Table 3. Bulk and tapped densities analysis of coconut sugar and honey powder

Sample	ρbulk (g/cm^3)	ρtapped (g/cm^3)
Coconut sugar powder vacuum drying	0.50 ± 0.005	0.78 ± 0.015
Coconut sugar powder PVP 1% agglomerates	0.46 ± 0.002	0.67 ± 0.018
Coconut sugar powder PVP 5% agglomerates	0.47 ± 0.002	0.66 ± 0.014
Honey powder vacuum drying	0.59 ± 0.004	0.80 ± 0.011
Honey powder PVP 1% agglomerates	0.48 ± 0.011	0.63 ± 0.019
Honey powder PVP 5% agglomerates	0.49 ± 0.003	0.63 ± 0.007

Table 4. Flowability and cohesiveness characteristics (Carr index, CI, and Hausner ratio, HR) of coconut sugar powder and honey powder

Sample	Carr index (%)	Hausner ratio
Coconut sugar powder vacuum drying	36 ± 0.598	1.6 ± 0.014
Coconut sugar powder PVP 1% agglomerates	31 ± 2.149	1.5 ± 0.046
Coconut sugar powder PVP 5% agglomerates	28 ± 1.467	1.4 ± 0.029
Honey powder vacuum drying	26 ± 0.795	1.4 ± 0.015
Honey powder PVP 1% agglomerates	24 ± 0.678	1.3 ± 0.012
Honey powder PVP 5% agglomerates	22 ± 0.592	1.3 ± 0.010

Table 5. Wettability of coconut sugar powder and honey powder

Sample	Wettability (second)
Coconut sugar powder vacuum drying	6.03 ± 0.215
Coconut sugar powder PVP 1% agglomerates	4.95 ± 0.561
Coconut sugar powder PVP 5% agglomerates	3.66 ± 0.120
Honey powder vacuum drying	6.64 ± 0.517
Honey powder PVP 1% agglomerates	4.67 ± 0.327
Honey powder PVP 5% agglomerates	3.56 ± 0.396

Figure 4. Color intensity of (a) coconut sugar powder vacuum drying, (b) coconut sugar powder PVP 1% agglomerates, (c) coconut sugar powder PVP 5% agglomerates, (d) honey powder vacuum drying, (e) honey powder PVP 1% agglomerates, (f) honey powder PVP 5% agglomerates.

Figure 5. L* values of coconut sugar powder and honey powder.

Figure 6. A* values of coconut sugar powder and honey powder.

Figure 7. B* values of coconut sugar powder and honey powder.