Anticancer, antioxidant, ameliorative and therapeutic properties of kaempferol

Figures & data

Figure 1. Roles of kaempferol.

Table 1. Different Sources of Kaempferol.

Sources	Quantity	From	References
Onion leaves	832.0 mg/kg	Kaempferol	^[Citation7]
Bunga kantan	286 mg/kg	Kaempferol	^[Citation8]
Lemon grass	178.0 mg/kg	Kaempferol	^[Citation9]
Carrot	140 mg/kg	Kaempferol	^[Citation10]
Black tea	118.0 mg/kg	Kaempferol	^[Citation7]
Gooseberries	16 - 19 mg/kg	Kaempferol aglycons	^[Citation9]
Strawberries	5 - 8 mg/kg	Kaempferol aglycons	^[Citation8]
White cabbages	9 μg/g	Kaempferol	^[Citation9]
Green cabbages	0.1–0.8 mg/kg	Kaempferol aglycons	^[Citation10]
Blackberry	-	Kaempferol	^[Citation7]
Lovage	-	Kaempferol aglycons	^[Citation9]
L. barbarum	11.3 μg/g	Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside	^[Citation8]

Figure 2. Antioxidant mechanism of kaempferol.

Figure 3. Kaempferol anticancer system targeting various oncogenic mechanisms including ERS, ER, PI3K/Akt and EGFR pathways and underlying active mechanisms.

Table 2. Different studies showing the anti-cancer mechanisms of kaempferol summarized.

Type of Cancer	Mechanism	Dosage	Source/Intervention	Reference
Gastric	Proliferation of MKN28 and SGC7901 cell lines significantly inhibited. Inhibited growth of tumor xenografts.	60 & 120 μM/L, 48 h	Kaempferol	^[Citation61]
Gastric	Promoted cell death and autophagy, resulting in increased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and downregulation of p62	50 micro-mol per liter	Kaempferol	^[Citation41]
Breast	Anti-proliferative effect on MCF-7 cell lines via endoplasmic reticulum- dependent pathway	Kaempferol solution; 100% dimethyl-sulfoxide; 100 mM	Kaempferol	^[Citation62]
Breast	Induced apoptosis and downregulate Bcl2 expression, inhibiting the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.	20 to 80 μM, 24 hours	Kaempferol	^[Citation63]
Prostate	Inhibition of androgen sensitive LNCaP-cells	5 μM to 15 μM	Kaempferol	^[Citation2]
Prostate	phyto-androgenic effect leading to antagonistic activity towards androgen receptors	3 ml of 5 mg per ml kaempferol solution in diet	Kaempferol	^[Citation34]
Colon	Induction of G-1 and G-2/M cell cycle arrest. Inhibited activity of CDK4 and CDK2	0 to 60 micro mol per liter	Kaempferol	^[Citation55]
Colon	Inhibition of cell proliferation, stimulation of apoptosis and autophagy in RKO and HCT-116 cell lines	9.427 to 17.42 micro mol, 48 hours	Kaempferol (with caffeic acid phenethyl ester)	^[Citation64]
Lung	Decreased expression level of cyclinD1 as well as reduced cell viability and proliferation in A549 cells.	20 μM	Kaempferol	^[Citation59]
Lung	Restoration of E-cadherin and suppressed induction of mesenchymal markers, hindered TGF-β1 induced EMT-induced cell migration.	25 μM Kaempferol, 30 minutes, with 5 ng per ml TGF-β1	Kaempferol	^[Citation65]
Pancreatic	Inhibition of proliferation of MIA PaCa-2 cells, and Panc-1 cells.	70 μM, 4 days	Ginko Biloba extract-kaempferol	^[Citation66]
Pancreatic	Inhibition of the EGFR-related Src, ERK1/2, and AKT pathways	0.005 to 200 μM	Kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and kaempferol-4’-O-glucoside	^[Citation45]
Oral	Reduced the mRNA and protein levels of both MMP-2 and TIMP-2. Inhibition of MMP-2 transcription through suppression of c-Jun activity, and by reducing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2.	0 to 100 µM, 24 hours at 37°C	Ginko biloba extract-kaempferol	^[Citation10]
Oral	induction of apoptosis in oral cancer cell lines (SCC-QLL1 SCC-1483, and SCC-25) by the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase	40 micro mol	Kaempferol and Quercetin (Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb-761))	^[Citation35]
Ovarian	Inhibition of cMyc mRNA and ABCC6 levels	20 μM	Cisplatin and Kaempferol	^[Citation67]
Ovarian	Induced apoptotic cell death and inhibited growth of OVACAR-3 ovarian-cancer cells.	25 to 50 micro mol	Kaempferol	^[Citation53]

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