Bioactive, antioxidant, industrial, and nutraceutical applications of banana peel

Figures & data

Figure 1. Nutraceutical, industrial, and cosmetic utilization of banana peels.

Table 1. Effective utilization of banana peels in food processing and beverage industry.

Name of product	Variety	Purpose	Reference
Vanillin was used as an flavoring ingredient.	Local banana	Enterobacter hormaechei was used to extract ferulic acid from banana peels convert into bio-vanillin.	Saeed et al.^[Citation17]
Production of amylase, cellulase		Used in food processing, textile industry & commercially amylase used as substrate Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus diastaticus.	Rana et al.^[Citation18]
Chicken sausage	Saba variety (genome BBB)	Increase dietary fibre content, water holding capacity, and decrease fat content in the sausage	Zaini et al.^[Citation19]
Jelly	Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana ‘Pisang Awak’	This variety banana peel was a good source of pectin, improves firmness of jelly.	Radzi.^[Citation20]
Yellow noodles	(saba is local name of banana in Philippines)	These noodles balance the nutritional levels in human body.	Ramli et al.^[Citation21]
Banana peel biscuits	Local Banana peels + wheat flour	Antioxidant and total phenolic content without affecting physical and nutritional properties	Shafi et al.^[Citation22]
Banana peel flakes	Kothiya, Alpan, Batisha & G-9	Minimum browning, crispness, can be eaten as snacks, breakfast (banana flakes + milk) by all age group people	Ahmad et al.^[Citation8]
Instant soup mix (ISM) from banana peel	Nendran	3 months shelf life, cheap, healthy, easy to cook in busy morning	Dhake et al.^[Citation23]
Ready to cook (RTC) curry mix from banana peel	Nendran	Healthy, easy to cook in busy morning	Dhake et al.^[Citation23]
Sauce from banana peel	Nendran	Healthy, easy to cook in busy morning	Dhake et al.^[Citation23]
Formulation of yogurt with banana peel		Total phenol content increases	Kabir et al.^[Citation24]

Table 2. Bioactive compounds in banana peels used in cosmetic industry.

Cosmetic products	Bioactive compounds	Benefits	Nature of the product	Reference
Antioxidant lotion	Banana peel (flavonoid & phenolic compounds) + watermelon rind (citrulline)	Prevents from free radical damage, inflammation, risk of UV damage and development skin cancer	Soft, smooth, non-sticky texture	Alamsyah et al.^[Citation36]
Moisturizer	Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins/polyphenols saponins, and triterpenoids	Prevents xerosis (skin dryness)	Whitish-yellow colour, banana aroma, oil type emulsion in water, 12 weeks shelf life	Cendana et al.^[Citation37]
Used in skincare formulations	Antioxidant, sun protection ability	Maintain skin health, protects from UV radiation, reduce the aging effect	Cream samples contain antioxidant, activities level was above 80%, the sun protection factor was also above 15	Adeel et al.^[Citation38]
Shampoo	Antioxidant, flavonoids	Protect the scalp from attacks by free radicals, stimulate new hair growth	Liquid texture and soft texture	Broto et al.^[Citation39]
Scrub and mask	Vitamins B6 and C12	Increase collagen and elastin, cleanse the skin, and brighten up	Smell, texture, color, with good overall acceptance	Pilus et al.^[Citation40]
Banana peels peel off gel mask	Flavonoids	Protect skin from free radicals	Brownish colour, with good smell and storage period was 12 weeks	Agustina et al.^[Citation41]

Table 3. Effective utilization of banana peels in different industries.

Title of the study	Banana peels uses	Effective utilization	Reference
Valorization of banana peels by hydrothermal carbonization: potential use of the hydrochar and liquid by-product for water purification and energy conversion	Bio-sorbent	Hydro-chars were excellent Cd^2+ ion sorbents from polluted water.	Yusuf et al.^[Citation46]
Feldspar-banana peel composite adsorbent for efficient crude oil removal from solution	Bio-sorbent for oil-spill	Feldspar-banana peel biochar composite (FBPC) as this increases the hydrophobicity	Dawodu et al.^[Citation49]
Electricity generation from banana peels in an alkaline fuel cell with a Cu2O-Cu modified activated carbon cathode	Electricity generated	Electricity generated with activated carbon doped Cu2O-Cu composite used as a catalyst	Liu et al.^[Citation50]
High adsorptive potential of calcined magnetic biochar derived from banana peels for Cu2+, Hg2+, and Zn2+ ions removal in single and ternary systems	Magnetic biochar derived from banana peels	Act as sustainable precursor for production biochar. Calcined magnetic biochar has high adsorption efficiency with quick and easy separation.	Oladipo et al.^[Citation51]
Adsorptive decontamination of rhodamine-B from water using banana peel powder: a biosorbent. Use of artificial neural network for modeling and prediction of reactive red dye removal from wastewater using banana peels bio-sorbent Potentiality of banana peel for removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution: isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics studies	Dye bio-sorption	81% adsorbed, economical and effective in removal rhodamine-B from polluted water. Inexpensive bio-sorbent, removed dye from polluted water. Removed Congo red dye from aqueous solution	Singh et al.^[Citation52] Kamar et al.^[Citation53] Mondal et al.^[Citation54]
Powdered banana peel in calcined halloysite replacement on the setting times and engineering properties on the geopolymer binders	Geo-polymer binding	Eco-friendly, minimize the environmental impact of Na/K-silicate hardener manufacture.	Nemaleu et al.^[Citation55]
The use of banana peels as raw materials of bio-alcohol production Bio-Ethanol Production from Fruit and Vegetable Waste by Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Comparative study of chemical composition and evaluation of the In-Vitro antioxidant capacity of unripe and ripe banana species (Musa sapientum) biowastes	Bio-alcohol	Created alternative natural resources bio-alcohol. Effective utilization organic waste, alternative energy source regeneration, Rich source of dopamine and gallocatechin, eco-friendly	Munfarida et al.^[Citation56] Khandaker et al.^[Citation57] Ogunlade et al.^[Citation58]
A review on multiple uses of banana peel.	Papers manufacturing	Wood exploitation reduced	Prashanthi et al.^[Citation35]
Mechanical properties of edible film from Tanduk Banana (Musa corniculata Rumph) peels for food packaging	Bio-degradable films	Eco-friendly, no preservative, kept product fresh, no contamination.	Ningtyas et al.^[Citation59]
Preparation of nano-fertilizer blend from banana peels	Nano bio-stimulant fertilizers were manufactured	Decreases the quantity of fertilizer application for cultivated crops	Hussein et al.^[Citation60]
Pectin based banana peel extract as a stabilizing agent in zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis	Used as stabilizing agent for zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis	Had a promising antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi	Dmochowska et al.^[Citation61]

Table 4. Recent studies done on banana bioactive extraction methods and their findings.

Title of study	Name of bioactive compound	Extraction method	Objectives	Findings and conclusion	References
Maximizing recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties from banana peel using microwave-assisted extraction and water	Phenolic compounds	Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)	To increase the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds	By lowering the pH of the water and boosting microwave power and duration, the effectiveness of the extraction may be greatly increased. A pH of 1, a ratio of 2:100 g/mL, 6 minutes of irradiation, and a microwave power of 960 W were found to be the ideal conditions. From 1 g of dried peel 50.55 mg of phenolics were extracted under these conditions	Vu et al.^[Citation65]
Optimization of extraction conditions of phytochemical compounds in “Xiem” banana peel powder using response surface methodology	Antioxidant compounds from “Xiem” banana peels	Solvent extraction method	To study the extraction parameters using traditional solvent techniques to be utilized by food and pharmaceutical sectors with minimum costs.	Under optimum conditions solvent concentration, solvent-to-solid ratio, temperature, and duration were determined to be 60%, 76:1, 68°C, and 48 min, respectively. Resultant, highest TPC and TFC 62.41 mgGAE/g and 6.98 mgQE/g, respectively	Van et al.^[Citation62]
Antioxidant activity in banana peel extracts: testing extraction conditions and related bioactive compounds	Antioxidant	Solvent extraction method	Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the extracts to scavenge free radicals	Among two cultivars of banana (Musa acuminata Colla AAA) ‘‘Grande Naine” and ‘‘Gruesa” (Canary Islands Dwarf Cavendish selection) Grande Naine variety banana peel extracted with acetone: water was efficient with high antioxidant capacity	González-Montelongo et al.^[Citation66]
Functional compounds from banana peel used to decrease oxidative stress effects	Antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds	The Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) technique	To demonstrate in vitro, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from yellow and red banana peels	Red banana peel extract has more antioxidant activity, antibacterial action, and cytotoxic activity on tumour cells. Kaempferol had more polyphenol concentration and antioxidant capability with antibacterial properties against pathogenic bacterial strains	Avram et al.^[Citation63]
Optimization of antioxidant compounds extraction from fruit by-products: apple pomace, orange and banana peel	Flavonoid concentration, antioxidant capacity, Vitamin C, phenolic compounds	Hot water extraction	This study aims to optimize conditions to obtain the highest bioactive compounds yield with low cost of energy and time, minimizing processing costs and applied for industrial extraction of bioactive compounds.	The optimization indicates that major flavonoid concentration and antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP assays) were at 60C (0.5 h)	Hernández‐Carranza et al.^[Citation67]
Microwave-assisted extraction of pectin from “Saba” banana peel waste: optimization, characterization, and rheology study	Pectin	Microwave-assisted extraction	One modern method for extracting pectin that has showed promise for reducing solvent usage, time, and energy consumption was microwave-assisted extraction.	Microwave-assisted extraction method results were good, as it shows close value between predicted (12.8%) and actual yield (14.2%) of pectin	Rivadeneira et al.^[Citation68]
Extraction and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of polyphenols from banana peels employing different extraction techniques	Phenols	Using the methods of sonication and maceration.	Comparison between traditional and improved method of extraction.	Solvents at lower concentrations conduct better extraction activity, and sonication yields a better, more quickly and at a lower cost. More effective when ethanol is used at a 50% concentration compared to other concentrations, and ethanol facilitates better extraction than other solvents.	Chaudhry et al.^[Citation69]
Formulation and evaluation of novel herbal toothpaste in oral care cosmetology	Antioxidants	Followed the extraction technique of Bobby Gene Edward adapted with some modifications	Extraction of propane from peel and inner peel, to evaluate phytoconstituents for oral care tooth whitening formulation.	Banana inner peel extract toothpaste is stronger and stable effect on teeth. It may also be used as a nutricosmetic, has own fruity scent so minimizes the negative effects of chemical and synthetic flavouring agents	Salman et al.^[Citation30] Gene.^[Citation70]
Antioxidant potential of peel extracts of banana varieties (Musa sapientum)	Antioxidants, polyphenol, flavonoids	Slightly modified spectrophotometric method Brand-Williams	To examine and compare the types of phytochemicals present, in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity in nine local varieties of banana peel extracts.	Rasthali had higher ABTS scavenging activity, whereas Poovan banana had more flavonoids and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity	BrandWilliams et al.^[Citation71] Baskar et al.^[Citation72]

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Data availability statement

Additional data will be made available on request.