Efficacy of nutritional intervention in breast cancer patients: a randomized clinical case control trial

Figures & data

Table 1. Serum concentration of Vitamin D and Calcium among cases and control groups.

Biomarkers	Groups	Median (SD)	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD
Serum vitamin D (ng/ml)	Controls	46 (9.42)	30	30	46.5	9.41
	Cases	21 (5.72)	2	2	21.22	5.27
Serum calcium (mg/dl)	Controls	8.8 (0.75)	7	10.5	8.82	0.75
	Cases	8.6 (0.74)	6.7	11	8.72	0.74

Table 2. Characteristics of study participants.

Characteristics of the participants	Control Group	Case Group	P value
Ethnicity	(n = 120)	(n = 120)
Punjabi Potohari Pathan Kashmiri	49.7% 43.8% 57.5% 66.7%	5.3% 56.2% 42.5% 33.3%	1.990a
Menopause Status Premenopausal Post menopausal	34.2% 15.8%	17.9% 32.1%	25.394a
Socioeconomic Status Low income Lower middle income Middle income High income	14.6% 17.9% 22.1% 15.4%	17.1% 22.9% 15.4% 14.6%	35.727a
Age at Menarch 11–13 years14–16 years 11–13 years 14–16 years	41.2% 18.8%	25.0% 35.0%	28.344a
Breast cancer in 1st degree or pedigree Yes No	12.1% 47.9%	4.8% 19.2%	1.4712a
Sun exposure Yes No	38.8% 11.2%	14.6% 35.4%	56.317a
Subjective Global Assessment Severe malnourished Moderately Malnourished Well nourished	19.6% 30.4%	15.4% 29.6% 5.0%	85.658a
Breastfeeding status Yes No	4.0% 10.0%	28.3% 21.7%	15.096a

Table 3. Nutritional parameters among different treatments groups at 0 days and 90 days of interventional period.

Nutritional Parameters	TO		T1		T2		P value
	0 day	90 days	0 day	90 days	0 day	90 days
Weight (kg)	76.45 ± 1.62^A	76.53 ± 1.70^A	75.54 ± 1.14^A	75.46 ± 1.28^A	74.56 ± 1.49^B	74.23 ± 1.33^B	0.206^NS
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.26 ± 0.35^BC	26.52 ± 0.39^A	26.84 ± 0.28^A	26.94 ± 0.32^A	26.48 ± 0.28^AB	26.15 ± 0.19^A	0.041*
MUAC (cm)	27.35 ± 0.37^A	27.47 ± 0.37^A	27.55 ± 0.38^A	27.64 ± 0.36^A	26.76 ± 0.29^A	26.75 ± 0.32^A	0.139^NS
Albumin (g/L)	26.65 ± 0.73^B	23.38 ± 0.58^C	24.18 ± 0.69^B	24.20 ± 0.71^B	24.21 ± 0.82^B	24.27 ± 0.95^A	0.022**
Waist circumference (inches)	32.83 ± 0.23^B	32.75 ± 0.35^B	33.15 ± 0.26^A	33.30 ± 0.27^A	34.25 ± 0.34^A	34.22 ± 0.31^A	0.13^NS
Waist hip ratio (cm)	0.83 ± 0.004^A	0.84 ± 0.004^A	0.82 ± 0.003^B	0.83 ± 0.003^B	0.81 ± 0.002^B	0.81 ± 0.002^B	0.121^NS
Hand grip strength (kg)	22.12 ± 0.38^BC	20.75 ± 0.31^C	21.22 ± 0.32^C	21.24 ± 0.32^C	22.18 ± 0.36^A	22.21 ± 0.38^A	0.107^NS
Serum calcium (mg/dl)	8.4 ± 0.08^B	8.3 ± 0.09^B	8.46 ± 0.06^B	8.53 ± 0.07^AB	8.45 ± 0.08^B	8.61 ± 0.11^A	0.018*
Serum vitamin D (ng/ml)	22.32 ± 1.08^BC	21.32 ± 1.08^BC	24.18 ± 1.06^BC	26.38 ± 1.05^B	26.45 ± 0.84^B	30.33 ± 1.37^A	0.019*

Figure 1. (a, b and c) Effect of treatments on mean values of Anthropometrics (BMI, Waist Circumference and Hand grip strength).

Figure 2. Effect of treatments on mean values of serum albumin.

Figure 3. (a and b) Effect of treatments on mean values of serum calcium and Serum vitamin D concentrations..

Table 4. Pearson’s correlation among anthropometrics with indicative biomarkers 90^th day.

Parameters	Serum calcium (mg/dL)	Serum vitamin D (ng/mL)	Parathyroid hormone (pmol/L)
Body Mass Index (kg/m^2)	−0.067	−0.076	0.045
	0.466	0.409	0.623
Mid upper arm circumference (cm)	0.069	0.041	0.145
	0.453	0.659	0.115
Waist circumference (inches)	−0.009	0.023	−0.102
	0.919	0.805	0.269
Waist hip ratio (cm)	−0.278	−0.374	−0.083
	0.002	0.000	0.368

Table 5. Pearson’s correlation among indicative biomarkers with tumor markers 90^th day.

Biomarkers	CA125 (U/ml)	C-reactive proteins	CA153	CEA (ng/mL)
		(mg/L)	(U/ml)
Serum calcium (mg/dL)	0.155	.001	−0.049	0.013
	0.09	0.993	.596	0.889
Serum vitamin D	0.077	−.103	−0.021	−0.085
(ng/ml)	0.405	.264	0.817	0.355
Parathyroid hormone	0.016	.099	0.061	0.131
(pmol/l)	0.864	.284	0.505	0.152