An updated comprehensive review of the therapeutic properties of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)

Figures & data

Figure 1. (a) Matricaria chamomilla L. Habit (b) Flowers (c) Flower and Leaf Morphology.

Table 1. Various bioactive chemical constituents of Matricaria chamomile.

Name	Structure	IUPAC name	Molecular formula	Molecular weight	Sources & Yield	Therapeutic potential	References
Bisabolol		(2 R)-6-methyl-2-[(1 R)-4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]hept-5-en-2-ol	C15H26O	222.37	Leaves: α-bisabolol (4.8–11.3%), α-bisabolol oxides A (25.5–28.7%), and α-bisabolol oxides B (12.2–30.9%) Flower: α-bisabolol and its oxide (15.7%)	Anticancer, antinociceptive, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antimicrobial.	^[Citation9–12]
β-farnesene		(6E)-7,11-dimethyl-3-methylidenedodeca-1,6,10-triene	C15H24	204.35	Leaves: (E)-β-farnesene (42.2%), (E)-farnesene (4.9–8.1%), (E, E)-α-farnesene (8.3%), terpene alcohol (farnesol), Flower: β-farnesene (29.8%), α-farnesene (9.3%)	Anticancer, anti-inflammatory antimicrobial, antiviral, and skin permeation enhancer	^[Citation13,Citation14]
Germacrene D		(1E,6E,8S)-1-methyl-5-methylidene-8-propan-2-ylcyclodeca-1,6-diene	C15H24	204.35	Leaves: 3.41% Flower: 6.2%	Anticancer, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-viral, anticonvulsant, antiarthritic activities	^[Citation15,Citation16]
Occidol acetate		2-(5,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)propan-2-yl acetate	C17H24O2	260.40	Flower: 22.8%	Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities	^[Citation17–19]
Chamazulene & Proazulene		7-ethyl-1,4-dimethylazulene	C14H16	184.28	Leaves: chamazulene (2.3–10.9%), Flower: Proazulene Flower: chamazulene (6.4%)	Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-spasmolytic, insecticidal, and anti-ulcer properties and are widely used in producing gastrointestinal drugs	^[Citation20–22]
Apigenin		5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	C15H10O5	270.24	Flower: 0.3–0.5%	Beneficial effects in diabetes, amnesia, Alzheimer’s disease, depression, insomnia, and cancer	^[Citation23–25]
Geraniol		(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol	C10H18O	154.25	Flower: 27.6%	Antitumor and antimicrobial	^[Citation26–28]
Herniarin		7-methoxychromen-2-one	C10H8O3	176.17	Flower & leaves: 82.79 mg/100 g	Antioxidant activity as additives to different cosmetic products.	^[Citation29,Citation30]
Umbelliferone		7-hydroxychromen-2-one	C9H6O3	162.14	Flower & Leaves: 11.80 mg/100 g	Antioxidant activity as additives to different cosmetic products.	^[Citation30,Citation31]
Chlorogenic acid		(1S,3 R,4 R,5 R)-3-[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid	C16H18O9	354.31	Flower: 65.09 μmol/l	Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, anxiolytic, and antidepressant agent	^[Citation32–34]
Caffeic acid		(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid	C9H8O4	180.16	Flower: 4.12 μmol/l	Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, anxiolytic, and antidepressant agent	^[Citation24,Citation32,Citation35]
Luteolin		2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromen-4-one	C15H10O6	286.24	Flower: 2.09 μmol/l	Anti-AChE activity and cognitive-enhancing effects, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, anxiolytic, and antidepressant agent	^[Citation32,Citation33]
Quercetin		2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxychromen-4-one	C15H10O7	302.23	Flower: 1.42 μmol/l	Antiaging properties, anti-inflammatory activity, cardioprotective effects, antiviral activity, antibacterial activity, and antiparasitic activity	^[Citation33,Citation36,Citation37]
Rutin		2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3 R,4S,5S,6 R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2 R,3 R,4 R,5 R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl] oxymethyl] oxan-2-yl] oxychromen-4-one	C27H30O16	610.5	Flower: 15.9 μmol/l)	Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, anxiolytic, and antidepressant agent	^[Citation32,Citation33,Citation38]

Figure 2. Illustration of mechanism(s) of apigenin for its therapeutic potential.

The left panel describes the general mechanism for different actions of apigenin like cell-cycle arrest, apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. The right panel describes the anti-diabetic action.

Figure 3. Beneficial effects of geraniol and its mechanisms of action.

Figure 4. Representation of different biological activity and its associated molecular pathways of umbelliferone.

Figure 5. Therapeutic targets and mechanisms of chlorogenic acid.

Figure 6. Representation of different biological activity and its associated molecular pathways of Luteolin.

Table 2. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Chamomile extract.

S. No.	Chamomile extract	Strain name with MIC values (μg/ml)					Reference
		A. flavus	B. cereus	E. coli	S. aureus	S. typhi
	Methanol	12.5	12.5	15	12.5	15	^[Citation144]
	Ethanol	15	12.5	15	12.5	15
	Diethyl ether	17.5	15	17.5	15	15
	Hexane	12.5	12.5	15	10	15
	Essential oil	12.5	10	15	10	12.5

Table 3. Various studies with different extract of Matricaria chamomilla and their beneficial outcomes.

Drug Name	Animal	Dose, Route, and Duration of treatment	Inducing drug	Outcomes	Reference
Ethanolic extract of Matricaria chamomilla	Rat	200 and 500 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally for 20–30 days	Formaldehyde-induced memory loss	Neuroprotective	^[Citation164]
Matricaria chamomilla ethanolic extract		200 and 500 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally for 15 days	Scopolamine-induced lipid peroxidation in the brain	Antioxidant properties and improved motor coordination	^[Citation165]
			Scopolamine-induced memory deficient	Memory enhancing activity	^[Citation166]
Matricaria chamomilla hydroalcoholic extract		25 and 75 mg/kg once daily intraperitoneally for 21 days	Scopolamine-induced depressive and anxiety-like behavior	Anxiolytic and antidepressant	^[Citation171]
Matricaria chamomilla hydroalcoholic extract		25 and 75 mg/kg once daily intraperitoneally for 7 days	Scopolamine-induced memory impairment	Neuroprotective	^[Citation32]
		300 mg/kg once daily intraperitoneally for 7 days	Torsion or detorsion-induced oxidative stress and tissue damage	Protect testicular damage	^[Citation185]
Matricaria chamomilla flower hydroalcoholic extract		10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, once daily intraperitoneally for 14 days	–	Reduce testosterone secretion	^[Citation179]
		400 mg/kg once daily oral for 8 weeks	–	Decreased spermatozoa count and motility, spermatozoon tail length, serum testosterone level, and increased serum estradiol level	^[Citation180]
Hydroalcoholic extract of Matricaria CHAMOMILLA	Mice	25 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 4 days	Cisplatin and vincristine-induced neuropathic pain	Protect form Neuropathy	^[Citation169]
Matricaria chamomilla flowers hydroethanolic extract	Rat	200 mg/kg/day oral for 12 weeks	Nicotinamide and Streptozotocin-induced diabetes	Antidiabetic	^[Citation191]
Leaves extract of Matricaria chamomilla		200 mg/kg/day once daily oral for 21 days	Streptozocin-induced diabetes	Antidiabetic	^[Citation189]
Matricaria chamomilla ethanolic extract (MCE)		20, 50, 100 mg/kg oral for 14 days			^[Citation187]
Aqueous extract Matricaria chamomilla		50 mg/kg/day, oral for 7 days	Paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity	Hepatoprotective	^[Citation193]
Matricaria chamomilla extract		25 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally for 7 days	Morphine and naloxone-induced Withdrawal manifestations and weight loss	Withdrawal behavioral manifestations and weight loss	^[Citation208]
Matricaria chamomilla CH12	Nelore calves	2 gm/day, oral for 60 days	–	Inhibiting cortisol production and anxiolytic effects	^[Citation172]
Matricaria chamomilla extract	Rat	100 gm applied topically for 67 days	–	Good potential for acceleration of burn wound healing	^[Citation186]
Matricaria chamomilla		50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 5 days	Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity	Nephroprotective	‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬^[Citation196]
Matricaria chamomilla CH12	Nelore calves	2 g/day, oral for 60 days	–	Humoral immune response	^[Citation209]
Aqueous-methanolic extract of Matricaria chamomilla	Mice	150 and 300 mg/kg, oral for 7 days	Castor oil-induced diarrhea and fluid accumulation in the intestine	Antidiarrheal activity	^[Citation198]
Hydroalcoholic extract Matricaria chamomilla	Rat	50 mg/kg/day, oral for 7 days	Paraquat-induced lung injury	Antioxidant activity against lung injury	^[Citation157]
Matricaria chamomilla essential oil		46.9 mg/kg/day, oral for 7 days	–	Larvicidal activity	^[Citation199]
Chamomile flower (Matricaria chamomilla) extract and powder	Chicken	2 and 4 g/kg powder and 1.8 and 3.6 ml/l extract orally for 42 days	–	Growth performance	^[Citation210]
Matricaria chamomilla. extract	Lamb	5 ml/kg, oral for 10 weeks	Ostertagia ostertagi parasites induced helminth	Antihelmintic	^[Citation200]
Matricaria chamomilla (Compositae) hydroalcoholic extract (MCE)	Rat	25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, oral for 10 days	Ethanol-induced ulcers and free radicals	Antiulcerogenic and antioxidant activity	^[Citation203]
Matricaria chamomilla extract		250 and 500 mg/kg daily, oral for 10 days	Ibuprofen-induced gastric ulcer	Gastric ulcer healing effect	^[Citation204]
Ethanolic extract of Matricaria chamomilla extract		560, 1000, 1800, and 3000 mg/kg, oral for 10 days	Carrageenan-induced inflammation	Anti-inflammatory activity	^[Citation161]
Matricaria chamomilla hydroalcoholic extract	Mice	25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 12 days	Vincristine-induced nociception	Antinociceptive effect	^[Citation170]

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