Impact of extraction techniques and process optimization on antioxidant and antibacterial potential of Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extract

Figures & data

Table 1. Proximate analysis (%) of root, stem, and leaves of K. pinnata.

Parameter	Leaves	Stems	Roots
Moisture	3.34±0.02	3.10±0.03	3.11±0.03
Ash	1.76±0.02	1.82±0.02	1.83±0.01
Protein	3.67±0.02	3.48±0.01	3.63±0.03
Lipid	0.84±0.01	0.52±0.04	0.62±0.02
Fiber	2.98±0.06	2.74±0.01	2.36±0.03
NFE	87.41±0.02	88.34±0.02	88.45±0.02

Values expressed are means ± standard deviation of three values

Table 2. Mineral analysis (ppm) of root, stem, and leaves of K. pinnata.

Parameter	Leaves	Stems	Roots
Ca	38.43±0.08	28.64±0.04	40.79±0.08
Na	29.75±0.06	30.83±0.06	48.7±0.07
Mg	30.23±0.04	28.61±0.01	32.61±0.06
K	17.19±0.02	18.5±0.05	30.42±0.03
Fe	1.74±0.03	1.43±0.04	1.89±0.01
P	0.65±0.02	0.51±0.01	0.72±0.02
Mn	0.18±0.02	0.11±0.02	0.26±0.04
Cu	0.14±0.01	0.09±0.03	0.18±0.01
Zn	0.06±0.02	0.03±0.01	0.08±0.01
Li	0.25±0.02	0.33±0.02	0.35±0.03
Ba	0.04±0.02	0.06±0.02	0.08±0.01

Values expressed are means ± standard deviation of three values

Figure 1. (a) Total phenolic content and (b) Total flavonoid content of K. pinnata leaf extract.

Figure 2. Results of (a) DPPH, (b) ABTS, and (c) FRAP assay of K. pinnata leaves extract.

Table 3. Zone of inhibition (mm) generated by K. pinnata leaf extracts against pathogenic bacteria.

Treatment	Y. pseudotuberculosis	B. melitensis	K. pneumoniae	E. coli	P. vulgaris
T1CSE	14.33±2.15	11.30±2.76	9.60±2.72	11.26±1.40	0±0
T2CSE	18.10±1.76	14.26±2.31	12.23±0.85	14.36±0.15	6.16±0.11
T3CSE	15.10±3.80	9.46±0.11	10.63±0.95	11.36±0.76	4.50±1.15
T4SFE	19.46±1.48	12.36±2.10	10.76±1.75	11.23±1.05	11.8±2.50
T5SFE	19.73±1.33	14.13±0.30	14.20±0.87	13.63±0.45	12.53±0.37
T6SFE	22.20±0.95	16.30±0.50	11.36±0.58	16.40±0.43	11.63±0.45
T7MAE	16.53±0.51	14.26±0.50	10.37±0.73	12.23±0.40	6.20±0.36
T8MAE	19.26±0.41	15.16±0.25	13.36±0.58	14.23±0.55	7.46±0.32
T9MAE	18.43±0.47	14.30±0.55	11.30±0.45	12.43±0.20	4.20±0.30

Values expressed are means ± standard deviation of three values.

T_1CSE = Conventional solvent extraction with 0:100 water:methanol ratio

T_2CSE = Conventional solvent extraction with 50:50 water:methanol ratio

T_3CSE = Conventional solvent extraction with 100:0 water:methanol ratio

T_4SFE = Supercritical fluid extraction with 3500 psi pressure

T_5SFE = Supercritical fluid extraction with 4500 psi pressure

T_6SFE = Supercritical fluid extraction with 5500 psi pressure

T_7MAE = Microwave-assisted extraction for 3 min

T_8MAE = Microwave-assisted extraction for 6 min

T_9MAE = Microwave-assisted extraction for 9 min

Figure 3. (a) Quercetin standard; (b) HPLC chromatogram of T_2CSE; (c) HPLC chromatogram of T_6SFE; and (d) HPLC chromatogram of T_8MAE.

Data availability statement

The datasets utilized and analyzed during this investigation are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.