Iron-functionalized titanium dioxide on flexible glass fibers for photocatalysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene (BTEX) under visible- or ultraviolet-light irradiation

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic design of experimental setup.

Figure 2. Scanning electron microscopy of pure GF, a reference photocatalyst (GF-TiO₂), and GF-Fe-TiO₂ composites with different Fe-to-Ti ratios (0.005-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.01-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.05-GF-Fe-TiO_2, 0.1-GF-Fe-TiO₂, and 0.5-GF-Fe-TiO₂).

Figure 3. Energy-dispersive X-ray images of a reference photocatalyst (GF-TiO₂) and GF-Fe-TiO₂ composites with different Fe-to-Ti ratios (0.005-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.01-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.05-GF-Fe-TiO_2, 0.1-GF-Fe-TiO₂, and 0.5-GF-Fe-TiO₂).

Table 1. Surface characteristics of a reference photocatalysts (GF-TiO₂) and GF-Fe-TiO₂ composites with various Fe-to-Ti ratios

Type	Ratio of Anatase Crystal^a	Diameter of Anatase Phase (nm)	Ratio of Fe to Ti
GF-TiO2	1.0	21.5^b (26.9)^c	0
0.005-GF-Fe-TiO2	1.0	20.9 (25.9)	0.01
0.01-GF-Fe-TiO2	1.0	21.7 (27.1)	0.01
0.05-GF-Fe-TiO2	1.0	20.8 (25.7)	0.06
0.1-GF-Fe-TiO2	1.0	21.0 (26.1)	0.1
0.5-GF-Fe-TiO2	1.0	21.0 (26.0)	0.5

Notes: ^aCalculated ratio of anatase crystal using the Spurr equation. ^bDiameter read from the XRD results. ^cCalculated diameter using the Scherrer formula.

Figure 4. X-ray diffraction patterns of a reference photocatalyst (GF-TiO₂) and GF-Fe-TiO₂ composites with different Fe-to-Ti ratios (0.005-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.01-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.05-GF-Fe-TiO_2, 0.1-GF-Fe-TiO₂, and 0.5-GF-Fe-TiO₂).

Figure 5. UV-visible spectra of a reference photocatalyst (GF-TiO₂) and GF-Fe-TiO₂ composites with different Fe-to-Ti ratios (0.005-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.01-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.05-GF-Fe-TiO_2, 0.1-GF-Fe-TiO₂, and 0.5-GF-Fe-TiO₂).

Figure 6. Photocatalytic efficiencies (PEs; %) of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene as determined via a reference photocatalyst (GF-TiO₂) and GF-Fe-TiO₂ composites with different Fe-to-Ti ratios (0.005-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.01-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.05-GF-Fe-TiO_2, 0.1-GF-Fe-TiO₂, and 0.5-GF-Fe-TiO₂) under visible-light irradiation.

Figure 7. Photocatalytic efficiencies (PEs; %) of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene as determined via a reference photocatalyst (GF-TiO₂) and GF-Fe-TiO₂ composites with different Fe-to-Ti ratios (0.005-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.01-GF-Fe-TiO₂, 0.05-GF-Fe-TiO_2, 0.1-GF-Fe-TiO₂, and 0.5-GF-Fe-TiO₂) under UV irradiation.