LAB bacteriocin applications in the last decade

Figures & data

Table 1. General classification of bacteriocins.

Type	Classification	Weight	Feature of peptide	Example	References
With post-translational modifications: lanthionine	Ia	Approx. 3.5 kDa	Net positive	Nisin	[5]
	Ib	Approx. 3.5 kDa	Negatively charged or uncharged	Mersacidin	[6]
Without post-translational modifications: non-lanthionine	IIa	3–10 kDa	Strongly cationic, heat stable	Pediocin PA-I, pediocin CP2, pediocin AcH, enterocin A	[3]
	IIb	25 and 65 kDa	Two different peptides	Lactocin Ga1 and Gb	[4]
	IIc	5–7 kDa	Circular	Uberolysin A, carnocyclin, circularin A and AS-48	[7]
			i (Positive net charge)	Gassericin A/reutericin A
			High isoelectric point
			ii (Uncharged)
	III	>30 kDa	Thermolabile, secreted by the sec-dependent system	Enterolysin A, Helveticin J	[8]
	IV	30 kDa	Comprises a mixture of undefined proteins, lipids and carbohydrates		[3]

Figure 1. Global contribution per continent and the most representative countries in bacteriocin studies from 2004 to 2015.

Figure 2. Contribution of published papers (%) concerning bacteriocins in different applications from 2004 to 2015.

Figure 3. Contributions per continent and the most representative countries in bacteriocin applications from 2004 to 2015.

Table 2. Bacteriocins in food and biomedical applications

Bacteriocin	Bacteriocin concentration	Target	Application	Conditions	Reduction of target cell concentration	References
Nisin	100 IU/g	Escherichia coli O157:H7	Food technology: Surface of dry -cured ham	500 MPa 400 MPa	4 log with nisin 3 log with pediocin and nisin	[17]
Pediocin	5000 BU/mL	Clostridium perfringens Listeria monocytogenes	Food technology: frankfurters	Prepared frankfurters with bacteriocins and indicator strain were stored at 4, 10 and 15 °C for 30–60 days with continuous sampling.	L. monocytogenes and C. perfringens counts were reduced by 2 log cycles in the treated frankfurters, after storage at 10 °C for 60 days	[18]
Nisin Z	320 AU/mL in the film solution	Salmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis, L. monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli	Food technology: raw turkey breast, deli ham, and raw beef	The bacteria-inoculated poultry samples were wrapped with pullulan films containing lauric arginate and/or nisin Z, then vacuum-sealed and kept at 4 ºC for 28 days to be sampled.	Approx. 5 log/cm^2 S. aureus and L. monocytogenes Approx. 3 log/cm^2 S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis Approx. 4.5 log/cm^2 E. coli	[19]
Sakacin P	200 AU/mL	L. monocytogenes	Food technology: salami	Ambient temperature	1.7 log	[15]
Bovicin HC5	100 AU/mL in the presence of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA)	S. typhimurium	Food technology	The assays initiated with 5 log CFU/mL, bovicin HC5 (100 AU/mL) and EDTA (1.6 mmol/L), incubated at 37 °C	3.5 log CFU/mL; there were evident important effects on the size and morphology of the cells	[20]
Nisin	Nanofibers prepared from poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), involving the use Nisin, 15 mg/mL, and dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), 50 mg/mL	S. aureus strains Xen 31 and Xen 30 (both methicillin resistant) and strains Xen 36 and Xen 29	Biomedical application: a combination of nisin and DHBA was incorporated into nanofibers prepared from a blend of PDLLA and PEO	log10 6.7 CFU/mL bacteria were grown in TSB in microtiter plates in the presence of nanofibers (0.5 cm^2) at 37 °C for 24 h	When using the nanofibers + nisin + DHBA, there was a decrease of approx. 88% in bacterium biofilm formation in the culture	[21]
Nisin	50 mg/kg of body weight, in the presence of doxorubicin (DOX) 10 mg/kg	Cancer cells of skin tissue in female mice induced by dimethylbenz (a) anthracene applications	Biomedical application: animals in the test groups were administered nisin subcutaneously and DOX intravenously	Nisin + DOX, twice a week for one month	Nisin acts as DOX potentiator rendering a reduction of both tumour size and tumour burden (58.16% and 66.82%, respectively), probably by inducing an increase in the rate of apoptosis and might involve some non-oxidant-antioxidant based mechanism	[22]
Nisin ZP and AP	Nisin Z and nisin A (95% ultrapure) doses in vitro 100 to 800 μg/mL; in vivo 400 or 800 mg/kg of body weight/day	Four human HNSCC (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) cell lines. Also, an oral cancer floor-of-mouth mouse model was used	Biomedical application: nisin water solutions were applied to the cell cultures and by oral gavage to be tested	In vitro: cultures were grown at 37 °C from 6 to 48 h, and in vivo experiments were conducted from 3 to 9 weeks; In vivo: mouse model was used; oral cancer was induced.	In vitro: ultrapure nisin significantly increased the percent of apoptotic HNSCC cells reducing the viable cells during culture; In vivo: both nisin ZP and nisin AP, significantly reduced the tumour volume after three weeks	[23]
Fermenticin HV6b	0–500  μg/mL approx.	Human spermatozoa (among other bacterial cells and human cancer cells)	Biomedical application: contraception	The effect on the motility and immobilization of human spermatozoa was evaluated	Reduced motility of the human spermatozoa, beginning after 30 seconds	[24]
Lacticin 3147	In vivo: 40–50 mg/kg second doses 25–21 mg/kg approx., subcutaneously	S. aureus Xen 29 within a mouse peritonitis model (1 × 10^6 CFU)	Biomedical application: systemic infection	Mice received the 1 × 10^6 CFU dose; then bacteriocin doses were intraperitoneally applied 3 and 5 h post-infection	Lacticin 3147 reduced S. aureus Xen 29 growth and prevented dissemination of the pathogen; a significant reduction (1–2 log10) in CFU was observed in the spleen, liver and kidney of the mice model	[25]
Fermenticin HV6b	20–500 μg/mL	Cell lines from hepatocarcinoma (HepG2), breast carcinoma (MCF-7), perpetual cervical (HeLa), spleen lymphoblast (Sp2/0) and kidney embryonal (HEK-293) cells	Biomedical application: anti-cancer activity	Tissues were exposed to fermenticin for 4, 24 and 48 h	The half-inhibitory concecntration (IC-50) of fermenticin was 0.9 μg/mL in MCF-7, 0.5 μg/mL in Sp2/0, 0.1 μg/mL in Hep-G2; 0.6 μg/mL in HEK-293 and 0.4 μg/mL in HeLa	[24]

Table 3. Bacteriocins produced for commercial use.

Bacteriocin	Commercial name	Company	Applications	Target micro-organisms	References
Nisin A	Nisaplin®	Danisco, Copenhagen, Denmark	Dairy, culinary, meat, bakery products and beverages	Listeria spp., Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp.	[68,70]
Natamycin	Natamax®	Danisco, Copenhagen, Denmark	Cheese, fresh dairy products, processed meat and beverages	Yeasts and molds	[71]
Micocin	Micocin^® II	CanBiocin, Edmonton, Canada	Meat products	Listeria monocytogenes	[72]
Nisin	Chrisin®	Chr. Hansen, Hørsholm, Denmark	Meat, sausages and spore-forming bacteria in cheese	Clostridium botulinum, Listeria monocytogenes	[73]
Pediocin	ALTA® 2351 2341	Kerry Bioscience, Carrigaline, Co. Cork, Ireland	Meat products	Listeria monocytogenes	[68]
Nisin A, Nisin Z	Nisin A® Nisin Z®	Handary, Brussels, Belgium	Dairy products, bakery, beverages, delicacies, meat	Listeria spp., Clostridium spp., Bacillus cereus	[33,74]
Pediocin	Fargo 23®	Quest International, B.V., Naarden, The Netherlands	Meat products	Listeria monocytogenes	[73]
Pediocin, sakacin	Bactoferm F-LC®	Chr. Hansen, Hørsholm, Denmark	Meat products	Listeria monocytogenes	[16,68]

Figure 4. Countries most representative in granted patents for bacteriocins (2004–2015).

Figure 5. Trend in the growth of granted patents concerning bacteriocins from 2004 to 2015 (a) and distribution among different fields of application (b).

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