Phenol profiles and antioxidant properties of white skinned grapes and their coloured genotypes during growth

Figures & data

Figure 1. Appearance of different grapes at different growth stages.

Figure 2. Anthocyanin components and contents at different growth stages.

Figure 3. Non-anthocyanin phenolics components and contents at different growth stages.

Table 1. Antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH, CUPRAC, and HRSA assays of grapes sampled at different growth stages.

			Skin			Pulp			Seeds
Code	Stages	Cultivars	DPPH (TE μmol/g)	CUPRAC (TE μmol/g)	HRSA (%)	DPPH (TE μmol/g)	CUPRAC (TE μmol/g)	HRSA (%)	DPPH (TE μmol/g)	CUPRAC (TE μmol/g)	HRSA (%)
1	1	D1	3.03 a ± 0.11	6.49 a ± 0.19	33.15 a ± 1.43	2.82 a ± 0.14	3.02 a ± 0.15	23.55 a ± 1.21	2.60 a ± 0.09	7.06 a ± 0.24	23.22 a ± 1.12
2		D2	3.12 a ± 0.14	7.00 a ± 0.21	28.88 a ± 1.23	2.70 a ± 0.15	3.07 a ± 0.16	18.30 a ± 1.13	2.57 a ± 0.08	8.79 a ± 0.21	19.63 a ± 1.21
3	2	D1	3.51 a ± 0.16	6.83 a ± 0.19	42.86 a ± 1.41	2.94 a ± 0.11	3.98 a ± 0.18	27.57 a ± 1.32	2.67 a ± 0.11	8.74 a ± 0.24	28.46 a ± 1.23
4		D2	3.26 a ± 0.12	7.26 a ± 0.21	36.72 a ± 1.32	3.04 a ± 0.16	4.61 a ± 0.25	21.65 a ± 1.22	2.80 a ± 0.09	9.88 a ± 0.31	28.35 a ± 1.21
5	3	D1	3.73 a ± 0.18	6.89 a ± 0.23	55.40 b ± 1.15	2.70 a ± 0.12	4.27 a ± 0.25	30.16 a ± 1.43	2.30 a ± 0.08	12.64 b ± 0.27	40.85 a ± 1.31
6		D2	3.86 a ± 0.11	8.09 a ± 0.31	58.93 b ± 1.25	2.40 a ± 0.11	4.94 a ± 0.31	24.89 a ± 1.26	2.87 a ± 0.11	15.06 b ± 0.34	41.18 a ± 1.27
7	4	D1	4.64 b ± 0.12	10.60 b ± 0.33	68.75 b ± 1.27	1.91 a ± 0.15	3.59 a ± 0.29	31.70 a ± 1.27	2.37 a ± 0.14	11.12 b ± 0.26	43.97 a ± 1.32
8		D2	4.96 b ± 0.14	10.66 b ± 0.31	65.07 b ± 1.32	2.04 a ± 0.13	3.65 a ± 0.31	26.56 a ± 1.23	2.84 a ± 0.16	13.36 b ± 0.32	47.43 a ± 1.27
9	5	D1	4.94 b ± 0.15	12.00 b ± 0.38	74.22 c ± 1.35	1.41 a ± 0.13	3.23 a ± 0.27	36.66 a ± 1.12	2.47 a ± 0.09	11.98 b ± 0.29	51.45 b ± 1.34
10		D2	5.50 b ± 0.17	11.06 b ± 0.41	72.54 c ± 1.63	1.87 a ± 0.12	3.35 a ± 0.29	32.03 a ± 1.43	2.80 a ± 0.08	12.46 b ± 0.24	54.58 b ± 1.21
11	1	V1	3.76 a ± 0.18	5.46 a ± 0.21	24.11 a ± 1.25	2.54 a ± 0.15	3.14 a ± 0.32	18.75 a ± 1.13	2.67 a ± 0.11	7.93 a ± 0.21	23.21 a ± 1.26
12		V2	3.79 a ± 0.11	6.69 a ± 0.24	30.02 a ± 1.22	2.54 a ± 0.17	3.33 a ± 0.26	18.86 a ± 1.23	2.60 a ± 0.09	6.55 a ± 0.24	25.33 a ± 1.23
13	2	V1	3.89 a ± 0.14	5.63 a ± 0.19	31.47 a ± 1.45	2.70 a ± 0.14	3.76 a ± 0.32	20.54 a ± 1.14	2.77 a ± 0.14	9.87 a ± 0.23	26.90 a ± 1.15
14		V2	3.92 a ± 0.11	7.79 a ± 0.31	33.86 a ± 1.26	2.60 a ± 0.16	3.98 a ± 0.25	23.10 a ± 1.16	3.00 a ± 0.07	8.05 a ± 0.26	29.58 a ± 1.24
15	3	V1	4.18 b ± 0.13	9.16 a ± 0.33	48.91 a ± 1.13	2.34 a ± 0.15	4.97 a ± 0.15	28.46 a ± 1.23	2.87 a ± 0.15	13.15 b ± 0.29	40.07 a ± 1.19
16		V2	4.62 b ± 0.16	12.63 b ± 0.41	63.17 b ± 1.15	2.37 a ± 0.12	4.96 a ± 0.16	29.46 a ± 1.19	3.07 a ± 0.13	12.23 b ± 0.18	40.85 a ± 1.21
17	4	V1	4.32 b ± 0.13	11.60 b ± 0.24	49.92 a ± 1.25	2.04 a ± 0.15	3.48 a ± 0.17	26.56 a ± 1.23	2.90 a ± 0.08	12.36 b ± 0.34	47.43 a ± 1.24
18		V2	5.86 c ± 0.19	15.34 c ± 0.26	72.21 c ± 1.17	1.97 a ± 0.15	3.60 a ± 0.19	22.88 a ± 1.27	3.34 a ± 0.16	11.12 b ± 0.27	43.97 a ± 1.27
19	5	V1	4.39 b ± 0.11	12.29 b ± 0.36	58.37 b ± 1.35	1.77 a ± 0.11	3.64 a ± 0.12	24.22 a ± 1.13	3.07 a ± 0.07	11.26 b ± 0.31	44.76 a ± 1.21
20		V2	6.89 c ± 0.16	19.67 c ± 0.32	79.69 c ± 1.32	1.71 a ± 0.09	3.28 a ± 0.09	18.53 a ± 1.15	3.47 a ± 0.16	11.27 b ± 0.24	42.99 a ± 1.32
21	1	V3	3.36 a ± 0.15	6.21 a ± 0.16	23.10 a ± 1.25	2.57 a ± 0.11	3.24 a ± 0.08	18.30 a ± 1.13	2.60 a ± 0.09	5.37 a ± 0.18	19.87 a ± 1.02
22		V4	3.59 a ± 0.13	6.29 a ± 0.21	19.42 a ± 1.18	2.47 a ± 0.14	3.50 a ± 0.09	21.09 a ± 1.15	2.57 a ± 0.08	5.35 a ± 0.24	17.52 a ± 1.01
23	2	V3	3.89 a ± 0.15	6.30 a ± 0.23	25.28 a ± 1.22	2.24 a ± 0.13	3.31 a ± 0.11	22.68 a ± 1.23	2.80 a ± 0.13	9.94 a ± 0.28	37.39 a ± 1.25
24		V4	3.62 a ± 0.14	6.49 a ± 0.21	20.20 a ± 1.28	2.74 a ± 0.16	4.15 a ± 0.19	25.33 a ± 1.41	2.67 a ± 0.09	7.03 a ± 0.21	24.00 a ± 1.12
25	3	V3	3.84 a ± 0.12	8.09 a ± 0.31	46.99 a ± 1.24	2.40 a ± 0.13	4.22 a ± 0.13	28.01 a ± 1.22	2.87 a ± 0.08	12.35 b ± 0.28	27.01 a ± 1.16
26		V4	3.86 a ± 0.11	9.11 a ± 0.42	48.02 a ± 1.13	2.57 a ± 0.16	4.44 a ± 0.15	28.35 a ± 1.17	2.77 a ± 0.09	11.93 b ± 0.24	29.69 a ± 1.21
27	4	V3	4.09 b ± 0.15	10.98 b ± 0.35	61.28 b ± 1.29	2.24 a ± 0.17	3.31 a ± 0.09	25.68 a ± 1.43	2.80 a ± 0.07	10.14 b ± 0.18	37.39 a ± 1.32
28		V4	4.42 b ± 0.14	13.36 b ± 0.51	69.53 b ± 1.42	1.64 a ± 0.09	3.43 a ± 0.11	19.53 a ± 1.23	2.87 a ± 0.12	12.59 b ± 0.23	37.28 a ± 1.33
29	5	V3	4.06 b ± 0.12	11.23 b ± 0.31	63.39 b ± 1.28	2.17 a ± 0.14	3.38 a ± 0.09	23.89 a ± 1.18	3.07 a ± 0.14	11.03 b ± 0.28	43.42 a ± 1.35
30		V4	4.22 b ± 0.14	12.20 b ± 0.43	65.28 b ± 1.36	2.07 a ± 0.11	3.19 a ± 0.08	19.08 a ± 1.23	2.94 a ± 0.09	10.55 b ± 0.21	40.29 a ± 1.32

Note: TE μmol/g represents micromoles of trolox equivalents per gram of grape sampled for DPPH free radical-scavenging capacity and CUPRAC. HRSA was expressed as the percentage of free radical-scavenging activity (%). Values are means ± SE (n = 3) values of three replicates. Different letters (a)–(c) within the same column indicate significant difference at p < 0.05 by Duncan's test. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 represent different growth stages of grapes. D1 and D2 were 40, 60, 90, 100, and 120 DAA. V1, V2, V3, and V4 were 40, 60, 80, 90, and 100 DAA.

Figure 4. PCA of anthocyanin coloured grape profiles during growth stages for skin (A) and seeds (B).