Bacillus species as versatile weapons for plant pathogens: a review

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of Bacillus-produced lipopeptides and antibiotics, their mode of action and target pathogens.

Bacteria	Strain	Mode of action	Active compound (s)	Target pathogen (s)	References
B. subtilis	NCIB 8872	Inhibit phospholipase A2	Antibiotics plipastatins A and B	Fusarium oxysporium, Aspergillus flavus	[17]
B. subtilis	SSE4, RB14	Disruption and solubilization of the lipid bilayer	Subtulene A, iturin A	C. gloeosporioides and S. rolfsii	[18,19]
B. subtilis	B47	Interrupt activity of fungal lipopeptide	Iturin A2	Southern corn leaf blight	[20]
B. subtilis	NT-6	Blocking and destroying the cell wall and forming holes in cellular membranes	Antibacterial peptide AMPNT-6	Vibrio parahaemolyticus	[21]
B. subtilis	fmbJ	Cause severe injury to both cell wall and cell membrane of fungal spores and hypha	Bacillomycin D	Aspergillus flavus	[22]
B. amyloliquefaciens	AS 43.3	Pores formation in cell wall and cell membrane by disrupting the lipid bilayer	Surfactin, iturin, fengycin, a bacillibactin, bacilysin, bacillaene, difficidin, and macrolactin	Fusarium head blight in wheat	[23]
B. vallismortis	BS07	Plant growth promotion and cell wall disintegration	Surfactic and fengycin	Pectobacterium carotovorum SCC1, Phytophthora capsici, and Colletotrichum acutatum	[24]
B. amyloliquefaciens	WH1	Case reduction in callose production by inhibition of glucans synthase	WH1fungin	Rhizoctonia solani	[25]
B. subtilis	SQR 9	Inhibit mycelial growth and conidial germination of the fungal pathogen	Fengycin and bacillomycin	F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum	[26]
B. subtilis	EU07	Inactivation of AHL by hydrolysis of AHL5	YrvN protein-based subunit of protease, Acyl-homoserine lactonase	F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici	[27]
B. subtilis	JA	Effective against filamentous fungal pathogens but not against yeast and bacteria	Fengycin, Mycosubtilin, Subtulene	F. graminearum, R. solani, Pythium irregulare and Cladosporium fulvum	[28]
B. subtilis	JM4	Antibiotic effective against bacterial species	Subpeptin JM4-A and subpeptin JM4-B	Salmonella, B. cereus and Staphylococcus aureus	[29]
B. subtilis	fmbj	Disturption of lipid bilayer	Surfactic and fengycin	B. cereus	[30]
B. subtilis	B-916	Mycelium inhibition, a protein with ribonuclease and haemagglutinating activities	Bacisubin	R. solani, Alternaria oleracea, A. brassicae, Magnaporthe grisease, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Botrytis cinerea	[31]
B. subtilis	B29	Inhibitory activity on mycelial growth	Protein-B29	F. oxysporum, R. solani, F. moniliforme, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum	[32]
B. subtilis	LFB112	Antibiotic effect	Bacteriocin	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella pullorum, Pasteurella multocida, Clostridium perfringens, Micrococcus luteus and Streptococcus bovis	[33]
B. subtilis	CMB32	Disrupt the lipid bilayer of cell wall and cell membrane	Iturin A, Fengycin, and Surfactin A	Colletotrichum gloeosporioides	[34]
B. subtilis	Spizizenii DSM 15029	Antibiotic activity	S-entianin and S-subtilin	Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis	[35]
B. subtilis	SCK-2	Permeabilization of cell membranes	AMP IC-1	B. cereus	[36]
B. subtilis	14B	Disruption of the lipid bilayer structure	Bac 14B	Alternaria solani and other bacterial seed-borne pathogens such as wilt diseases	[37]
B. subtilis	F-29-3	The inhibition is antagonized by sterols, phospholipids and oleic acid	Fengycin	Effective against filamentous fungi but not against yeast and bacteria	[38]
B. licheniformis	H1	Bactericidal and bacteriolytic	Bacteriocin-like substance	Gram-positive bacterial pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes	[39]
B. thuringiensis	Kurstaki BUPM4	Bactericidal and bacteriolytic	Bacthuricin F4	Effective against Bacillus species while no effect on Gram-negative microbes	[40]
B. thuringiensis	SM1	Act on cell membrane and cellular organs and inhibited DNA synthesis	Fengycin	Candida albicans	[41]
B. thuringiensis	Kurstaki Bn-1	Bacteriocidal or bacteriolytic effect depending on the concentration	Thuricin Bn1	P. savastanoi, P. syringae, P. lemoignei, B. cereus, B. weinhenstephenensis, L. monocytogenes, and many other B. thuringiensis strains	[42]
B. amyloliquefacien	LBM 5006	Abnormal conidial germination and germ tube development	Iturins-like and fengycin-like peptides	Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Bipolaris sorokiniana	[43]
B. amyloliquefacien	GA1		Amylolysin	Listeria monocytogenes	[44]
B. amyloliquefaciens	FZB42	Suppression of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens by plant growth stimulation and biosynthesis of complex and small molecules	Plantazolicin	Bacterial and fungal plant pathogens	[45]
B. polymyxa	VLB16	Cause malformation of fungal hyphae due to severe alteration of cell morphology	Antifungal protein	R. solani and Pyricularia grisea	[46]
B. pumilus			Bacitracin	Micrococcus luteus	[47]
B. vallismortis	ZZ185	Affect the activity of the lipopeptides of fungal pathogens	Bacillomycin D (n-C14) and Bacillomycin D (iso-C15)	F. graminearum, A. alternata, R. solani, C. parasitica and P. capsici	[48]
B. halodurans	C-125	Pore formation in lipid bilayer and potassium efflux	Two-peptide lantibiotic and Haloduracin	Wide range of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens	[49]
B. mojavensis	A21	Antibiotic and fungicidal activities	Fengycin, surfactin and pumilacidin	Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and many fungal pathogens	[50]
B. sonorensis	MT39	Antibacterial and fungal activity	Sonorensin	L. monocytogenes and S. aureus	[51]
B. coagulans	ATCC 7050	Cause leakage of ions from the microbial cells	Lactosporin	M. luteusand, L. monocytogenes	[52]

Table 2. Summary of Bacillus-induced systemic resistance principle eliciting factors and target pathogens.

Bacteria	Strain	Host plant	SIR eliciting factors	Target pathogen (s)	References
B. subtilus	174	Tomato	PAL, PPO and PO	F. oxysporum	[77]
B. subtilis	AUBS1	Rice	PAL and PO and PR proteins	Oryza sativa L.	[93]
B. subtilis	GB03	Arabidopsis thaliana	Ethylene biosynthesis enzymes	Erwinia carotovora	[122]
B. cereus	AR156	Loquat	PAL, PO, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, polyphenoloxidase and promoted accumulation of H2O2	Colletotrichum acutatum	[80]
B. subtilis	PTA-271	Grapevine	Lipoxygenase, PAL and chitinase	Botrytis cinerea	[123]
B. subtilis	B4	Cucumber	Indole acetic acid	Colletotrichum orbiculare	[124]
B. mycoides	Bac J	Sugar beet	Chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase	Sercospora beticola	[111]
B. subtilis	BBG111	Rice	Jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) as well as abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin signalling	R. solani	[125]
B. subtilis	Bs16	Tomato	PPO and PO, PAL, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase and accumulation of phenolics	Alternaria solani	[126]
B. subtilis	SE34 and GBO3	Rice	PO and PAL, PPO	Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae	[127]
B. subtilis	OTPB1	Tomato	PO, PPO and superoxide dismutase	Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans	[56]
B. vallismortis	BS07	Chili pepper	Salicylic acid (SA)	Phytophthora capsici and Colletotrichum acutatum,	[24]
B. subtilis	GB03	Arabidopsis	Ethylene, 2,3-Butanediol	Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora	[90]
B. amyloliquefaciens	IN937a	Arabidopsis	Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid	Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora	[90]
B. pumilus	SE34	Pea	Phenolic compounds	F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi.	[83]

Table 3. Summary of important Bacillus strains in relation to colonization, their target pathogens and host plants.

Bacteria Species	Strain	Host plant	Target pathogen (s)	References
Bacillus spp.	B2-5	Ginseng	Fusarium cf. incarnatum	[129]
B. subtilis	HJ5	Cotton	Verticillium dahliae Kleb	[130]
B. subtilis	SQR9	Cucumber	F. oxysporum	[131]
B. subtilis	N11	Banana	Fusarium wilt	[133]
B. subtilis	B246	Avocado	Dothiorella aromatic and Phomopsis perseae	[134]
B. subtilis	M4	Cucumber	Colletotrichum lagenarium and P. aphanidermatum	[135]
B. subtilis	SB24	Tomato	S. sclerotiorum	[136]
B. subtilis	E1R-j	Wheat	Ustilago tritici	[137]
B. pumilus	SE34	Pea	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi	[83]
B. amyloliquefaciens	54	Watermelon	Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli	[65]
B. amyloliquefaciens	NBRISN13	Rice	Salt stress	[138]
B. amyloliquefacien	CM-2 and T-5	Tomato	Ralstonia solanacearum	[139]
B. subtilis	Lu144	Mulberry	Ralstonia solanacearum	[140]
B. megaterium	A6	Oilseed rape	Sclerotinia sclerotiorum	[141]
B. subtilis	QST 713	Tomato	Fusarium, Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Septoria, and Verticillium	[142]
B. megaterium	B153-2-2	Soybean	R. solani	[143]
B. cereus	AR156	Arabidopsis thaliana	Pseudomonas syringae	[144]
B. amyloliquefaciens	HK34	Panax ginseng	Phytophthora cactorum	[85]
B. cereus	UW 85 and CF	Tobacco	Phytophthora parasitica	[145]

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